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The Roman emperor Caligula issued the same type of quadrans throughout his reign, where the obverse depicted a pileus, a type of cap given to former slaves upon their manumission, and the reverse the letters RCC. Eckhel suggested that the obverse referred to the restoration of liberty as represented by his return of the elections to the popular assembly from the Senate, and the reverse referred to a remission of the sales-tax. Barrett has recently argued that both sides probably referred to the execution in late 39 of Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, the governor of Upper Germany. This note argues that Caligula chose to depict the pileus on his quadrans in order to celebrate his new policy of strictly enforcing the rules for granting citizenship and that he aimed the design at the urban mob in particular in order to emphasise that he was protecting them against those seeking to encroach upon their privileges

The present paper is focusing on the interpretation of a coin deposit found within a sacred area at one of the key fortresses in Iron Age Dacia – Costești-Cetățuie.Based on a detailed catalogue, the analysis is taking into account the closest analogy, the geographic area of coin type distribution, the monetary iconography and the comparison with similar situations from other parts of ancient Europe prior to the Roman conquest.Following these aspects, the conclusions are emphasizing the votive function instead of economic one of certain coins when deposited in specific areas and in association with particular artefacts. It is demonstrated that this ritual practice at the Costești is part of a general pattern.Chronologically, this votive deposit may be connected with the ritual activity at the Costești fortress in the aftermath of the Dacian king, Burebista, campaign at the Black Sea shore (second half of the 1st century BC).

Abstract In this paper, a piecewise collocation discretization scheme based on the piecewise constant approximation with the concept of quarter-sweep Jacobi (QSJ) iteration is discussed in solving the linear Fredholm integral equations of second kind. By considering the piecewise approximation equations, the generated linear system has been constructed with its large scale coefficient matrix. The purpose of this quarter-sweep iteration concept is to reduce the computational complexity of the linear system. For the purpose of comparison, the formulation and implementation of full-sweep Jacobi (FSJ), half-sweep Jacobi (HSJ) and QSJ iterative methods are also included. The results of these three proposed methods showed that the QSJ method is better than others Jacobi iteration family.

This paper presented our approach to developing the 3d model of A Famosa Faortress in Melaka, Malaysia. As the physical remnant of the fortress are minimal, a traditional 3D modelling technique based on collected data has been adopted. This method has been adopted based on case studies of three comparable reconstruction projects namely Michelsberg synagogue, The Jewish Quarter in Regensburg and Reconstruction of the old main church in Curitiba, Brazil. In this paper we discussed the 3D modeling technique used and presented some output of the model.

On August 29, 1870, Li Hung-chang, who had been brought to Chihli along with twenty-five thousand men of the Anhwei Army to deal with the Sino-French crisis touched off by the Tientsin Massacre of the preceding June, was appointed governor-general of Chihli, replacing the ailing Tseng Kuo-fan. Less than three months later, on November 12, he was given an additional appointment as imperial commissioner of trade for the Northern Ports. Li was instructed to reside in Tientsin, going to the provincial capital of Pao-ting only in the winter months when the port of Tientsin was closed. In addition, Li remained the untitled commander of the Anhwei Army, which was at this time responsible for, among other things, the defense of the metropolitan region. He was also to function as the unofficial central coordinator for the self-strengthening activities from his key position within the Ch'ing government.1 In these multiple capacities, Li played the leading role in the conduct of Ch'ing foreign policy for a quarter o...

Xi'an was once called Chang'an and has nearly 1100-year history as the capital of China. The Shuyuanmen block located inside the South Gate along the city wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, which is well known as the quarter of culture and education in the past. At present there are some historic and monumental buildings scattering over, such as the Confucius Temple and Steles of the Song Dynasty, the city wall of the Ming Dynasty and the Baoqingsi Pagoda of Qing Dynasty etc. Under the effect of the strategy of passive protection on the historic sites in the latest years, the status of historic block has been the ever worse, the residential environment deterioration and the living quality degradation made the area an neglected part in the process of urban development. Therefore this paper points out the conservation of historic city should implement a more positive urban strategy. The conservation of historic city and the revival of traditional culture deserve to be related with the upgradation of residential environment and living quality. Thus the urban development can stride forward in a favorable way.

In his chapter, John McCafferty turns to the dissolution of religious houses during the period of the reformations. Franciscan Observant houses in Oldenburg Denmark–Norway and Tudor–Stuart Britain and Ireland were early and particular targets of dissolution. His chapter argues that a comparative approach to the ending of conventual religious life in the northern realms, based on a number of contemporary chronicles written by friars and ex-friars, offers not only the opportunity to see common trends, but also communicates a good deal about how Observant reform in the period leading up to the Lutheran changes fed into early Protestant thinking. Influential Franciscan voices of the late sixteenth century grouped England, Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia together as a quarter of provinces which had been affected by “heretical” depredations. Their unity of voice is striking, and it allows readers to think of the process of dissolution in terms of trajectory rather than from inside the confines of national historiographies.

The seventeenth century saw Irish migrants in Spain branch out from their traditional haunts in the counting house and the seminary into the army, the navy, the university and, of course, the Inquisition itself. Their complex relation with England, central to their sixteenth-century reception in Spain, continued to mark their experience abroad. The peace brokered at the 1604 Treaty of London ushered in a new era of diplomatic relations between the rulers of Spain and England and permitted the exchange of ambassadors. Initially their role, like that of the port consuls, was to ensure the observance of the treaty. By and large, the new arrangement disadvantaged Spain, which was left with its strategic vulnerability in the Netherlands and its susceptibility to English, French, Dutch and Danish incursions into its New World territories. Queering the diplomatic pitch was the vague possibility of a Spanish match for Prince Henry, the eldest Stuart heir, unrealistically premised by the Spanish on religious guarantees for the Stuarts’ Catholic subjects in England, Ireland and Scotland. This was the central plank in Anglo-Spanish relations in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, and set the volatile context for the reception of Irish visitors travelling to Spain and within its Empire.