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The aim of the thesis is to use numismatic evidence to extend the picture of N. Gaul in 350-361 which is available from other sources, and in particular to ascertain details about the usurpation of Magnentius in 350-353, the German invasions of 350-355 and the activities of Julian in 355-361. 103 hoards from Britain, Holland, Belgium, France, W. Germany and Switzerland are analysed, together with 54 site-finds from Belgium and the Rhineland which are compared with 5 site-finds from Britain and 6 from elsewhere in the Roman world. A basic pattern of coin-loss in N. Gaul is identified from the site-finds which, when compared with the pattern found elsewhere, reveals a shortage of coin in N. Gaul in 354-361 as a result of the German invasions. One answer to this shortage was to strike barbarous copies, the distribution of which is seen to correspond to the areas which had survived the invasions or where the scene of Julian's work of reconstruction. In addition a series of hoards, destruction levels and intensively occupied hill-top refuges helps to plot the course of the German invasions. More general matters of coin-circulation are discussed. Various circulation-"pools" are identified and their relationship to one another analysed; coin supply as well as the reasons for and the speed of coin movement are studied. Movements of personnel or troops, as well as administrative links, are identified as the main factors in coin movement in N. Gaul. Particular attention is paid to methods of analysis and to the reliability of the evidence from hoards and site-finds, especially the latter, and ways are determined of recognising distorted or unreliable finds.

The aim of the thesis is to use numismatic evidence to extend the picture of N. Gaul in 350-361 which is available from other sources, and in particular to ascertain details about the usurpation of Magnentius in 350-353, the German invasions of 350-355 and the activities of Julian in 355-361. 103 hoards from Britain, Holland, Belgium, France, W. Germany and Switzerland are analysed, together with 54 site-finds from Belgium and the Rhineland which are compared with 5 site-finds from Britain and 6 from elsewhere in the Roman world. A basic pattern of coin-loss in N. Gaul is identified from the site-finds which, when compared with the pattern found elsewhere, reveals a shortage of coin in N. Gaul in 354-361 as a result of the German invasions. One answer to this shortage was to strike barbarous copies, the distribution of which is seen to correspond to the areas which had survived the invasions or where the scene of Julian's work of reconstruction. In addition a series of hoards, destruction levels and intensively occupied hill-top refuges helps to plot the course of the German invasions. More general matters of coin-circulation are discussed. Various circulation-"pools" are identified and their relationship to one another analysed; coin supply as well as the reasons for and the speed of coin movement are studied. Movements of personnel or troops, as well as administrative links, are identified as the main factors in coin movement in N. Gaul. Particular attention is paid to methods of analysis and to the reliability of the evidence from hoards and site-finds, especially the latter, and ways are determined of recognising distorted or unreliable finds.

This article examines the motifs on the coins struck in Judaea under the auspices of local Roman governors (prefects and procurators) between the dismissal of the ethnarch, Herod Archelaus, in 6 CE and the eve of the First Jewish Revolt which broke out in 66 CE. Although the governors were only designated by the title procurator from the mid-first century onwards, this series of coins is conventionally referred to as “procuratorial.” All are bronzes minted in Jerusalem in a single denomination, generally identified as the prutah, and bear aniconic motifs. Because they carry year dates, we know that these coins were issued fairly sporadically and the possible reasons for this are reviewed. The coin types are analysed and their respective origins and meanings identified. An attempt is made to assess the extent to which their motifs support the picture presented in the literary sources of the changing political climate in both in Judaea and Rome over the period in which these coins were minted.

(1848). LVII. Remarks on the weather during the quarter ending September 30, 1848. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 33, No. 223, pp. 365-376.

(1849). LIII. Remarks on the weather during the quarter ending March 31, 1849. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 34, No. 230, pp. 366-374.

(1849). XIX. On the weather during the quarter ending June 30, 1849. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 35, No. 234, pp. 137-146.

(1848). XXVII. Remarks on the weather during the quarter ending June 30, 1848. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 33, No. 221, pp. 186-195.

This article offers to re-examine a number of conclusions in the recent publication of J. Mabra on the governorate of ‘Abd al-‘Azīz b. Marwān in Egypt (65/685-86/705). The book offers an account of the tribal alliances that allowed the Marwanids to access to the califate as well as an examination of some of the ruling dynamics between ‘Abd al-Malik (65/685-86/705) and his governors of Egypt and Iraq. J. Mabra understands the administration of ‘Abd al-‘Azīz as independent from the caliphal centre in Damascus and opposed to his brother’s reform on language use and coinage. After reconsidering the reading of a number of papyrus documents, coins and narrative sources, it is offered here to see the appointment of such a governor as one of the keys of Marwanid success and to reject the idea that caliphal ruling strategies aimed at centralizing the Umayyad realm.