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The paper discusses the main characteristic features of economic history. The author makes an attempt to highlight the meaning and social importance of research in this field. These problems are placed in the light of the achievements and shortcomings of the economic history in Bulgaria. The author argues that the cliometric studies of economic history, valuable as they are, are not sufficient to reveal the main trends in world economic development. In terms of meaning, economic history research only makes sense if it brings some benefit to society.

Abstract Organic solar cells based on Poly (3-hexylthiophene) [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT-PCBM) were fabricated in standard architecture by spin-coating on glass and on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates in ambient laboratory environment. In addition to the conventional DC characterization, impedance spectroscopy was used in order to study the capacitive behavior of the devices and obtain their electrical parameters. In combination with the electrical characterization methods, laser-beam-induced current (LBIC) measurements were used as a non-destructive method of mapping the photocurrent distribution and analyzing local device failures and macroscopic defects (shunts, dark spots, defects). The results of the study can be used to develop guidelines for the development and design of P3HT:PCBM solar cells in ambient environment.

Abstract The Bulgarian clitic se (Bulg. ‘се’) has a polyfunctional character due to its diverse morphological status. On the one hand, se is a reflexive pronoun in the short accusative form, which is the same for all persons, numbers, and genders. On the other, the clitic is used as a particle that can have different functions. This homonymy leads to homonymous se-constructions and ambiguous sentences with different interpretations: reflexive, reciprocal, passive, or optative. The aim of this study is to present the morphological status of the clitic in its various uses and the resulting differences in meaning of the se-constructions. A semantic-syntactic approach is adopted to differentiate between the argument and non-argument use of the clitic. If se takes argument position, the clitic is a reflexive pronoun and functions as part of the sentence. In its non-argument use, se functions as a particle and is either part of the verb lexeme or part of the verb form. In the analysis, the corresponding translations into English are provided.

A “Transitional” Language South of the Equator: Redefining the Language of Bulgarian Immigrants in Australia Based on Its Transmission Between GenerationsIn the terminological apparatus of sociolinguistics, there are many unambiguous and ambiguous concepts that refer to the non-first language of different social groups. In line with the new European tendency, Bulgarian sociolinguistics names the language of Bulgarian emigrants around the world using terms offered in the theoretical papers of famous authors or schools working in the field of sociolinguistic emigration. The text proposed here is an attempt to redefine all these concepts and summarize them into one which indicates the hereditary Bulgarian emigrant language that is characteristic of the language of the Bulgarian immigrant community in Australia. Język „przejściowy” na południe od równika. Redefinicja języka bułgarskich imigrantów w Australii na podstawie jego przekazu międzypokoleniowegoW aparacie terminologicznym socjolingwistyki istnieje wiele pojęć, zarówno jednoznacznych, jak i nie w pełni jednoznacznych, odnoszących się do języka niebędącego językiem prymarnym różnych grup społecznych. Zgodnie z najnowszymi tendencjami w nauce europejskiej bułgarska socjolingwistyka określa język bułgarskich emigrantów na całym świecie z wykorzystaniem terminów proponowanych w pracach teoretycznych znanych autorów lub szkół zajmujących się emigracją z punktu widzenia socjolingwistyki. Proponowany tekst stanowi próbę przedefiniowania wszystkich tych pojęć i sprowadzenia ich do ujęcia, w którym wskazuje się na dziedziczony przez emigrantów język bułgarski jako czynnik wyróżniający społeczność bułgarskich imigrantów w Australii od strony językowej.

In this article, a content analysis is conducted on the Bulgarian segment of the European virtual library, museum, archive, and gallery, named Europeana. Today Eueopeana brings together online collections of 2300 institutions across Europe. The portal makes available more than 30 million digital items - texsts, audios, videos, images. Bulgarian artifacts are exposed on the portal by three national providers and many other European libraries, archives, and museums. Reaching only 2% o whole Europeana`s digital space, Bulgarian cultural values are still insufficient for presenting our history and civilization in an adequate and eloquent manner. Therefore a structural and semantic analysis is made with an emphasis on the digitized objects and documents that presented the spirit and the messages of the Bulgarian 19th century.

Цел на студията е да опише концепцията и да представи постигнатите резултати от изпълнението на проект „Модели за социализация на културно-историческото наследство в „интелигентен град“, подкрепен от Фонд „Научни изследвания“ към Министерството на образованието и науката на Република България. Приоритет в методиката е интердисциплинарния характер на научните изследвания - съчетаване на фундаменталните изследвания в областта на КИН с експериментална работа в реална и виртуална среда, базирана на два основни компонента: интелигентни места - предварително определени културни институции за провеждане на експерименти, свързани със създаването на модел за социализация на КИН в „интелигентен град; и ИКТ базирана експериментална инфраструктура, която позволява експерименти с използване на различни технологии - например: 3D моделиране, включително и с добавена реалност, социални мрежи, мобилни технологии, и др. Постигнати резултати: Разработените по проекта научни продукти се използват с образователна цел в обучението по културно наследство и информационни технологии в бакалавърски и магистърски програми. Чрез изработените по проекта научни продукти се обогатяват интерактивните учебни материали в УниБИТ и се стимулират атрактивни методи на преподаване, което ще повиши качеството на обучението. Представен е изработеният по проекта иновативен продукт - система за холограмна виртуална реалност /ХВР/, който се използва в процеса на обучение на студенти в областта на културното наследство и информационните технологии. Представени са резултати от проучване на прилагани в нашата страна добри практики за създаване на интерактивност в експозициите на българските музеи. Резултатите се използват за подобряване на качеството на образованието в областта на културното наследство, за насърчаване обмена на научен и практически опит между образователни, културни и научни институции. Очаква се резултатите да намерят приложение в програмите за информиране и обучение за повишаване на капацитета на местните общности в сферата на културния туризъм. The purpose of the paper is to describe the concept and present the results achieved from the implementation of the project "Models for the socialization of cultural and historical heritage in a “Smart city”, supported by the National Science Fund at the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria. Priority in the methodology is the interdisciplinary nature of the research - combining basic research in the field of cultural and historical heritage (CHH) with experimental work in real and virtual environments, based on two main components: smart places - pre-determined cultural institutions for conducting experiments related to the creation of a model for the socialization of CHH in a smart city as well as ICT-based experimental infrastructure which allows experiments with the use of different technologies such as: 3D modelling, including augmented reality, social networks, mobile technologies, etc. Achieved results: The scientific products developed under the project are used for educational purposes in the training on cultural heritage and information technologies in BA and MA programs. The scientific products developed through the project enrich the interactive teaching materials at ULSIT and stimulate attractive teaching methods, which will enhance the quality of teaching. The innovative product – a holographic virtual reality system (HVRS) developed within the project is presented and used in the process of training students in the field of cultural heritage and information technologies. The results of a study of good practices applied in our country are presented for creating interactivity in the expositions of Bulgarian museums. The results are used to improve the quality of cultural heritage education, to promote the exchange of scientific and practical experience between educational, cultural and scientific institutions. The results are expected to find application in information and training programs to increase the capacity of local communities in the field of cultural tourism.

Abstract Coal samples from three Bulgarian basins were investigated for their rare earth and radioactive element concentrations. The samples ranged in rank from lignite to anthracite. All the samples contained La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Th and U. Lu occurs in sub-bituminous coal samples from the Pernik Basin and in a lignite sample from the Sofia Basin. The concentrations of most elements are lower than or close to data reported in the literature from other coal basins or the Clarke values determined by Yudovich et al. (1985). The elements Tb and Lu are exceptions to this, together with Th in the Svoge Basin anthracites. The lowest concentrations of most elements are found in lignite samples from the Sofia Basin; the highest concentrations occur in anthracite samples from the Svoge Basin. In this study the Sofia and Svoge coals display inorganic affinities for the elements. Sub-bituminous coal samples from the Pernik Basin, however, show a more widespread organic affinity for the elements. The trace elements were also grouped in geochemical associations by cluster analysis. In the lignite samples from the Sofia Basin and the sub-bituminous coal from the Pernik Basin, this grouping is almost identical. U, Tb and Yb are grouped in an association; the other elements are grouped separately. Ce, Th and Sm correlate well in a separate association. The anthracites from the Svoge Basin display two associations: one including U, Th and Sm, and the other composed of the remaining elements, which correlate well with one another and with the coal ash.

Abstract Coals of various rank (ranging from lignite to anthracite), and originating from seven coal basins in Bulgaria, were investigated for the occurrence and types of carbonate minerals. The following carbonates are present in their characteristic forms: Calcite (clastic, organogenic, cryptograined, xenomorphic, massive and infiltrational); siderite (cryptograined, xenomorphic both infilling and replacing, massive, euhedral, framboidal and infiltrational both fracture-filling and cleat-filling); dolomite (cryptograined, xenomorphic, massive and infiltrational) and magnesite. Carbonate mineralization depends on the penetration of ready mineral forms and mineralized solutions during peat genesis and the infiltration of mineralized solutions during coalification. The mineral composition of the carbonates in the coals studied and the occurrences of the various carbonate minerals depend on the combination of a series of factors such as: (1) the presence of carbonate rocks in the province feeding the peat bogs; (2) the way and capacity of feeding; (3) acidity (pH) and reducing conditions (Eh) of the environment, (4) tectonic situation during the peat genesis; and (5) availability of infiltrational mineral solutions during coalifications. No infiltrational carbonate mineralization was found in the lignites studied. Due to the combination of the above five factors, bituminous coals from the Balkan basin and the anthracite from Svoge are characterized by the greatest variety of carbonate minerals and their forms.