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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Būgienė, Lina;

    Remiantis 2011–2012 m. lauko tyrimų metu Valkininkų apylinkėse surinkta medžiaga, straipsnyje mėginama apžvelgti, kaip individualiuose autobiografiniuose pasakojimuose perteikiama istorinė žmogaus patirtis: kas prisimenama ir kas nutylima, su kuo pasakojime tapatinamasi (kieno pusė palaikoma konflikto atveju), kokios detalės pasakotojui atrodo svarbios, kokios raiškos priemonės pasitelkiamos ir ką visa tai sako apie jį patį. Analizuojama ne tik, ką žmogus prisimena; itin daug dėmesio skiriama ir kaip pasakotojas visa tai reflektuoja: kodėl pasakojami dalykai kalbėtojui atrodo reikšmingi, kaip sukaupta patirtis yra jo įprasminama ir t. t. Autobiografinius pasakojimus vertinant ne istoriko, bet folkloristo požiūriu, labiau rūpinamasi ne objektyvios tiesos atskleidimu ar kokia nors sukauptų prisiminimų verifikacija, o būtent subjektyvia jų interpretacija bei įprasminimu The subject of the article comprises autobiographical narratives of the inhabitants of Valkininkai parish in the south-eastern Lithuania, recorded during fieldwork in 2011–2012. Having adopted the folkloristic perspective, the author is mainly concerned with individual interpretations of historical events rather than with their historiographic verification. The analysis aims at elucidating the autobiographical narratives dealing with historical events as means of identity construction. Valkininkai parish is considered a borderland with regards to its historical past: in 1920– 1939 this region was under the Polish rule, while subsequently, in 1939–1941, the ruling regime changed as many as four times during a couple of years, resulting in various tensions, conflicts, and people being forced to take sides and make radical choices related to their identity and affiliation. On the basis of the recorded narrative material, the author sets out to prove the occasionally accidental and artificial character of such choices, including even the most important categories of identity, such as ethnicity, ideology, etc. Having discovered several differing individual interpretations of the same historical conflict (which took place in 1942), the author emphasizes the importance and value of subjectivity in the personal narratives of historical events, concluding that unearthing of a single historical truth in such personal testimonies is virtually impossible

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Utka, Andrius; Amilevičius, Darius; Krilavičius, Tomas; Vitkutė-Adžgauskienė, Daiva;

    The paper presents an overview of recent advances of language technologies in Lithuania. It is shown that the development of Lithuanian language resources and technologies can be divided into three stages: the first (2004-2012), the second (2012-2015), and the third (2016-2020). The paper focuses on the second stage of development, which is labelled as the systematic breakthrough. The paper contains separate sections on the policy of language technologies, research infrastructures and international collaboration, language resources, and tools.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Šetkus, Benediktas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjama tautinio ugdymo mokant istorijos Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos laikotarpiu metodinė mintis. Remiantis to meto istorikų ir istorijos mokytojų publikacijomis, analizuojamas tautos istorijos mokymo vaidmuo ugdant mokinius tautiškai, apžvelgiamos būdingiausios temos, kurių pagrindu siekta tai įgyvendinti. Aptariama šeimos ir gyvenamosios vietovės istorijos mokymo vaidmuo bei romantizmo propagavimo mokant istorijos jaunesniojo amžiaus vaikus reikšmė. Siekiama bendrais bruožais vertinti, kiek prieškario Lietuvos autorių išsakytos mintys yra priimtinos šiuo metu. The article seeks to analyze the experiences of teaching history, during 1918-1940 of the First Lithuanian Republic, as a tool for fostering patriotism, and to see whether it has lessons for today. During this time, as a component of the general education core, history was given the task of promoting patriotism. Many historians and teachers published articles examining the role of history in teaching patriotism. They concluded that history was one of the most important subjects in advancing patriotism. Interwar scholars believed that the primary vehicle for instilling patriotic values was teaching the history of the Lithuanian state and nation. Learning one's history was the basis of patriotism. In the teaching of history, they emphasized the heroic past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; especially it's most famous Grand Dukes who through their deeds embodied the best in the Lithuanian national character. Though enemies constantly beset Lithuania, it was able to defend its self, retaining its nationhood and eventually regaining independence. This type of civic education tried to show the injustice, pain, and suffering inflicted on Lithuania by alien powers. The belief was that patriotism was learning about one's role in the world. They thought that the primary grades should learn their family's history, their school's history, the local myths and legends, their village's and neighboring villages history and to continue this process to a national level. The foremost historians and pedagogues of the interwar period proposed that primary grade students be taught a romanticized version of Lithuania's history. History was supposed to extol the virtues of Lithuania's most famous heroes, their bravery, loyalty, and other virtues. This was thought to teach love of country and a resolve in defending of one's nation. The author believes the practices of teaching patriotism during the First Republic have relevance for today, so long as that practice is applied creatively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Murauskaitė, Ilona;

    Leizeris Volfas (tikroji pavardė – Mekleris, 1910-1943) buvo žydų menininkų sambūrio „Jung Vilne“ įkūrėjas ir vadovas. Straipsnyje analizuojamas eilėraščių rinkinys „Švarce perl“ („Juodieji perlai“), aptariama lyrikos estetika ir poetika. L. Volfo eilėraščiai nagrinėjami, remiantis avangardinės literatūros estetika. Poeto lyrika atspindi skeptišką, romantišką, lyrinį ir kandų požiūrį į gyvenimą. Kūryboje L. Volfas naudojo įvairias formas: lyriką, groteską, satyrą ir parodiją. Leyzer Volf (born in Mekler, 1910-1943) was the founder and leading member of the "Yung Vilne" (Young Vilna) group of writers and artists. The article analyzes Wolf's poetry collection "Shwartze perl", focusing on the aesthetics and stylistics of the poems. Wolf's poems are analyzed with reference to avant-garde literature aesthetics. Wolf's poetry reflects the skeptical and romantic or the lyrical and caustic view of life. His creations unfold in multiple forms: lyrical, grotesque, satirical, and parodical.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Gaižutis, Algirdas;

    Jurgis Baltrušaitis (1903-1988) brendo kaip nepakartojama asmenybė, veikiama kelių kultūrų – lietuvių, rusų, prancūzų, iš dalies vokiečių – dirvos. Iš pradžių menotyrininkas gerai susipažino su vokiečių menotyrine tradicija, XIX a. antrosios pusės ir XX a. pradžios autoritetais, diskusijomis meno stilių raidos bei jų kaitos klausimais. Menotyrininkui imponavo H. Focillono veikalai, kuriuose jis atsiskleidė kaip įžymus viduramžių, romaniškojo meno ir kitų istorinių stilių žinovas, bet ir kaip analitikas, gerai išmanantis komparatyvistikos procedūras, metodologinius principus. J. Baltrušaičio meno koncepcija giliai apmąstyta. Joje menas aiškinamas kaip nepakartojama kūrybos forma, kaip formų kalba, lygiagretė su verbaline, žodžių kalba. Norint suprasti formų kalbą, būtina atsižvelgti į dvi svarbiausias aplinkybes – formų kūrybos ryšį su pasąmone (individualia ir bendruomenine) ir vaizduote. J. Baltrušaitis, galima sakyti, padarė tikrą perversmą traktuojant viduramžių meną, aiškinant jo fantastines ir fantasmagoriškas formas, atskirų periodų specifiką. Menotyrininko nedomino chrestomatinis viduramžių turinys – jis ėmė tyrinėti netikroviškas, fantastines meno formas, kurių analizė leido atrasti daug naujo gotikos meno sąveikoms su Rytų menu ir netgi Tolimųjų Rytų menu išryškinti. J. Baltrušaičio metodas – struktūrinė analizė, praturtinta fenomenologinėmis įžvalgomis ir iš dalies psichoanalize, taip pat komparatyvistiniais tyrinėjimais tikrąja šio žodžio reikšme. Tyrinėtojas esmingai praturtino temos, motyvo, technikos supratimą. The paper deals with the impact of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a famous art critic and expert of cultures, into the art criticism of the 20th century. The author of this paper shows that Baltrušaitis considerably enriched understanding of the romantic art in general and gothics in particular by revealing the origin and metamorphoses of its fantastic forms. Baltrušaitis proved that art during the Middle Ages and Renaissance became a field of intellectual speculations, creativity and rich fantasy. The author concludes that Jurgis Baltrušaitis, as a creator and a proponent of structural and comparative analysis, showed new possibilities for medieval studies as well as for interpretation of the relationship between Western and Eastern cultures.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Kačerauskas, Tomas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas grožio vaidmuo tampant kultūrai kaip egzistencinei kūrybai. Keliamas kultūros ir natūros sąveikos klausimas. Teigiama, kad grožis paslėptas kultūros klostėse. Pasitelkiama M. K. Sarbievijaus nedarnios dermės (discors concordia) ir darnios nedermės (concors discordia) koncepcija, interpretuojama kultūros tyrimų kontekste, kurį sudaro M. Heideggerio tiesos samprata, P. Ricœuro metaforos tyrinėjimai, a. J. Greimo semiotinė estetika, M. Merleau-Ponty estetinė fenomenologija. Iškeliamos tezės: kultūra ir natūra sutaikomos tik padarius prielaidą, kad jos abi – transcendentinės kūrinijos darnios (gražios) dalys; grožis traktuotinas kaip transcendencijos apvertimas; grožis yra tai, kas verčia naujai interpretuoti gyvenamąją visumą, nors jis pats lieka slaptas egzistencinio atsinaujinimo agentas; grožis, kaip bevietis kultūros agentas, utopizuoja tikrovę kaskart perkeldamas jos įvietinimo ribas; skirties tarp natūros ir kultūros gilinimas išplaukia iš nepaslankios ribos tarp jųdviejų ignoruojant gyvenamosios dermės nedermę; paslanki matumos ir nematumos sąveika žymi kultūros ir natūros paktą egzistenciniame paribyje. Article deals with the role of beauty in the creation of culture. The author raises the question about the interaction between culture and nature. according to the author, beauty has been concealed in the folds of the cultural robe. The author uses the M. K. Sarbievius’ conception of discordant harmony (discors concordia) and harmonious discord (concors discordia) to interpret the cultural research of a. J. Greimas’ semiotic aesthetics, M. Heidegger’s conception of the truth, the P. Ricoeur’s researches of metaphor, M. Merleau-Ponty’s aesthetical phenomenology. The following theses are raised: culture and nature are reconciled only after the presumption that they both are the harmonic (beautiful) parts of a transcendent creation; beauty is an inversion of the transcendent; beauty is what forces anew the interpretation of the life-whole, although it stays a secret agent; while removing the limits of its place, beauty as a-topic cultural agent makes reality u-topic; the deepening difference between nature and culture follows from ignoring the discordance of a living harmony; the mobile interconnection between visible and invisible signifies a pact of culture and nature in the existential border.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Tygielski, Wojciech;
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    Authors: Šetkus, Benediktas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjami istorijos dokumentų pateikimo Lietuvos istorijos vadovėliuose aspektai. Remiantis šiuo metu naudojamais šešiais skirtingų leidyklų vadovėliais siekiama išsiaiškinti, kiek juose yra pateikiama istorijos šaltinių ir jų kontekste – istorijos dokumentų arba jų fragmentų apie XX a. Lietuvos istoriją. Daromos išvados: 1. Vyresnėse klasėse turėtų būti daugiau naudojami pirminiai istorijos šaltiniai – dokumentai. Naudojant dokumentus yra sudaromos sąlygos moksleiviams suvokti istorinio laikotarpio dvasią bei tirti praeitį savarankiškai, ją interpretuoti ir grįsti savo pasirinktais argumentais. 2. Istorijos vadovėliuose yra pateikiami istorijos dokumentai, tačiau jų skaičius skirtingų leidyklų vadovėliuose ženkliai skiriasi. Daugelyje XX a. istorijos vadovėlių yra pateikti svarbiausi to laikotarpio istorijos dokumentai. 3. Istorijos dokumentų pateikimas vadovėliuose ne visuomet yra atliktas kruopščiai. Dažnai pasitaiko, jog vadovėlyje bet kuris tekstas yra įvardytas istorijos dokumentu. Pabrėžtina, kad ne visų dokumentų yra nurodyti autoriai, kartais pateikti per daug fragmentiški klausimai dokumentams nagrinėti arba atsakymas neišplaukia iš pateikto dokumento. Taip pat klausimo formuluotėje persakomas dokumento turinys, klausimas formuluojamas neaiškiai. Istorijos vadovėlių autoriai turėtų vengti šių trūkumų. The article states that in the process of teaching history at secondary schools various types of history sources are employed. [...] Primary documents allow pupils to better understand the spirit of a concrete historical period, to investigate the past independently and to interpret it with the help of chosen arguments. This way a specific character of a historian’s work is perceived. The conducted research allows the author to assert that history textbooks contain historical documents; however, their number significantly differs in the textbooks by different publishing houses. Three 10th form textbooks contain from 36 to 75 documents or their fragments; this makes from 9,6 % to 16,3 % out of all sources presented in history textbooks. Three 12th form textbooks contain from 10 to 80 historical documents; this makes 13,5 % – 14,5 % out of all sources. As far as illustrations are concerned, photographs predominate: in the 10th form textbooks their number is from 181 to 452 (this makes 45 % – 48,3 % out of all sources) while 12th form textbooks contain from 22 to 157 (26,5 % – 31,8 % out of all sources). All in all, most of the 20th century textbooks contain documents, relevant to this particular period. However, the author notices that historical documents are not always presented thoroughly. In some textbooks any source is presented as a historical document; some documents lack references to the authors; sometimes tasks for the analysis of documents are too fragmentary or the answer cannot be inferred from a presented document. Still in some other cases the task itself contains the summary of a document or it (the task) is not clearly formulated. It is advisable that the authors of history textbooks avoided such shortcomings

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    Authors: Jurėnienė, Virginija;

    Lietuvos moterų judėjimas (XIX amžiaus antroji pusė – 1940 metais) skirstoma į 4 etapus: 1) ankstyvasis, neorganizuotas (XIX amžiaus antroji pusė iki 1905 metų); 2) organizuotas kovos už politines teises (1905 metai –1920 metų gegužės 15 diena); 3) moterų politinių teisių įgyvendinimo (1920 metų gegužės 15 diena – 1927 metų balandis); 4) politinių teisių apribojimo-priklausymo nuo vyriausybės (1927–1940 metai). Specifinis Lietuvos moterų judėjimo bruožas buvo susiskaldymas ir moterų partijos nebuvimas. Pagal ideologinių srovių vyravimą skiriami: 1) pasaulietinis-liberalusis (demokratinis) (1890–1908 metai), veikiamas varpininkų (nuo 1901 metų demokratų) ir socialdemokratų (nuo 1896 metų); 2) katalikiškasis (1908–1926 metai). Lietuvos moterų judėjimas, palyginti su Vakarų Europos, buvo silpnas ir didelės įtakos valstybės vidaus politikai neturėjo ir neturi. Didžiausia moterų judėjimo problema buvo ne ideologinis, bet socialinis susiskirstymas. Jau XX amžiaus ketvirtojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje atsirado du sluoksniai – elito ir provincijos. Elitui nerūpėjo visų socialinių sluoksnių moterų problemos, todėl jis realiai negalėjo būti įtakinga visuomenine jėga. Kiekvienu straipsnyje aptartu moterų judėjimo etapu buvo sprendžiami saviti, tik tam etapui būdingi uždaviniai, nors dauguma jų buvo bendri visiems etapams, pavyzdžiui, švietimo, moterų vienybės, dalyvavimo politikoje, alkoholizmo ir kitos. 1988 metais atsikūręs Lietuvos moterų judėjimas yra judėjimo, nutraukusio veiklą 1940 metais, tąsa. The Women’s Movement in Lithuania (the second half of the 19th c. – 1940) is divided into four stages: 1) early, not organised (the second half of the 19th c. – 1905); 2) organised fight for political rights (1905 – 15 May 1920); 3) exercise of women’s political rights (15 May 1920 – April 1927); 4) restriction of political rights – dependency on the government (1927–1940). The specific feature of the Women’s Movement in Lithuania was disunity and absence of a women’s party. According to the prevalence of ideological schools, the following are distinguished: 1) secular-liberal (democratic) (1890–1908), influenced by “Varpininkai” organisation (by Democrats from 1901) and Social Democrats (from 1896); 2) Catholic (1908–1926). The Women’s Movement in Lithuania, compared to Western European women’s movements, was weak and did not have a great influence on the state’s domestic policy, neither has it today. The biggest problem of the women’s movement was social rather than ideological division. At the end of the 1930s, two social classes appeared: elite and provincial. The elite did not care about the problems of women from all social classes; therefore, it actually could not be an influential social power. Each stage of the women’s movement, discussed in the paper, had its own objectives, although most of them were common to all stages, e.g. education, women’s unity, involvement in politics, alcohol abuse, etc. The Lithuanian Women’s Movement, which re-established in 1988, is the continuation of the movement that discontinued its activities in 1940.

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    Authors: Valkauskas, Romualdas;

    Straipsnyje apžvelgiama Lietuvos balansų statistikos istorija. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos statistiko Albino Rimkos išskirtus 7 statistikos mokslą charakterizuojančius punktus, kurie iliustruoja XX a. I pusės istorinių dalykų matymą. Nepriimtina tai, jog A. Rimka tapatino ar kitaip gretino statistiką ir ūkio statistiką, kuri yra ekonominiai statistiniai skaičiavimai. Neįmanoma sukurti ūkio statistikos teoriją ir nustatyti reikalavimus ūkio ir socialinės statistikos praktikai. Nepaisant to, postūmį kurti ūkio statistikos teoriją ir nustatyti tikslius reikalavimus ūkio ir socialinės statistikos praktikai suteikė pirmieji XX amžiaus dešimtmečiai. Išskiriami ūkio statistikos, o tarp jos ir balansų statistikos XX šimtmečio raidos etapai Lietuvoje. Valstybės statistikos susiformavimo laikotarpis (1918 02 16–1939 08 01), izoliacijos nuo pasaulinės ekonominės minties laikotarpis (1939 08 01 – 1990 03 11), prarastų vertybių atkūrimo laikotarpis (1990 03 11–iki šių dienų). Taip pat išskiriami 4 nacionalinių sąskaitų sistemos (NSS) laikotarpiai ir pateikiama raidos schema. Balansiniai skaičiavimai iki NSS sukūrimo (iki 1938 m.), NSS atsiradimas ir įteisinimas tarptautiniu mastu (1938–1953 m.), NSS tobulinimas ir individualių, iliustruojančių šalių grupių ar regionų ypatumus NSS standartų kūrimas (1953–1979 m.), nacionalinių sąskaitų sistemos tapimas dominuojančia balansinių skaičiavimų sistema (1979 m.–iki šių dienų). Kiekvienas istorinis tarpsnis buvo savitas, pamažu vedęs prie balansinių skaičiavimų sąvokų susiformavimo, jų sukonkretinimo, prie universalios ir viską apimančios balansinių skaičiavimų sistemos. The article reviews balance-of-payments statistics history of Lithuania. Attention is paid to 7 points characterising the science of statistics distinguished by Lithuanian statistician Albinas Rimka, which illustrate the view of history of the first half of the XXth century. It is unacceptable that A. Rimka equated or otherwise compared statistics and agricultural statistics, which is economic statistical calculations. It is impossible to create a theory of agricultural statistics and to set requirements for agricultural as well as social statistics practice. Nevertheless, the first decades of the XXth century provided an impetus for the creation of the theory of agricultural statistics and introduction of precise requirements for agricultural and social statistics practice. Stages of development of agricultural statistics, including balance-of-payments statistics, in Lithuania in the XX century are distinguihed. Period of formation of state statistics (16 02 1918 – 01 08 1939), period of isolation from global economic thought (01 08 1939 – 11 03 1990), period of restoration of lost values (11 03 1990 – to this day). Also 4 periods of System of National Accounts are distinguished and development scheme is presented. Balance calculations before the creation of the System of National Accounts (until 1938), emergence of the System of National Accounts and international legitimation (1938–1953), improvement of the System of National Accounts as well as development of individual standards of the System of National Accounts which illustrate characteristics of groups of coutries or regions (1953–1979), System of National Accounts turning into a prevailing system of balance calculations (1979 - to this day). Every historical period was distinctive, slowly leading to the formation of balance calculations' concepts, their concretization, to universal and inclusive system of balance calculations.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Būgienė, Lina;

    Remiantis 2011–2012 m. lauko tyrimų metu Valkininkų apylinkėse surinkta medžiaga, straipsnyje mėginama apžvelgti, kaip individualiuose autobiografiniuose pasakojimuose perteikiama istorinė žmogaus patirtis: kas prisimenama ir kas nutylima, su kuo pasakojime tapatinamasi (kieno pusė palaikoma konflikto atveju), kokios detalės pasakotojui atrodo svarbios, kokios raiškos priemonės pasitelkiamos ir ką visa tai sako apie jį patį. Analizuojama ne tik, ką žmogus prisimena; itin daug dėmesio skiriama ir kaip pasakotojas visa tai reflektuoja: kodėl pasakojami dalykai kalbėtojui atrodo reikšmingi, kaip sukaupta patirtis yra jo įprasminama ir t. t. Autobiografinius pasakojimus vertinant ne istoriko, bet folkloristo požiūriu, labiau rūpinamasi ne objektyvios tiesos atskleidimu ar kokia nors sukauptų prisiminimų verifikacija, o būtent subjektyvia jų interpretacija bei įprasminimu The subject of the article comprises autobiographical narratives of the inhabitants of Valkininkai parish in the south-eastern Lithuania, recorded during fieldwork in 2011–2012. Having adopted the folkloristic perspective, the author is mainly concerned with individual interpretations of historical events rather than with their historiographic verification. The analysis aims at elucidating the autobiographical narratives dealing with historical events as means of identity construction. Valkininkai parish is considered a borderland with regards to its historical past: in 1920– 1939 this region was under the Polish rule, while subsequently, in 1939–1941, the ruling regime changed as many as four times during a couple of years, resulting in various tensions, conflicts, and people being forced to take sides and make radical choices related to their identity and affiliation. On the basis of the recorded narrative material, the author sets out to prove the occasionally accidental and artificial character of such choices, including even the most important categories of identity, such as ethnicity, ideology, etc. Having discovered several differing individual interpretations of the same historical conflict (which took place in 1942), the author emphasizes the importance and value of subjectivity in the personal narratives of historical events, concluding that unearthing of a single historical truth in such personal testimonies is virtually impossible

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    Authors: Utka, Andrius; Amilevičius, Darius; Krilavičius, Tomas; Vitkutė-Adžgauskienė, Daiva;

    The paper presents an overview of recent advances of language technologies in Lithuania. It is shown that the development of Lithuanian language resources and technologies can be divided into three stages: the first (2004-2012), the second (2012-2015), and the third (2016-2020). The paper focuses on the second stage of development, which is labelled as the systematic breakthrough. The paper contains separate sections on the policy of language technologies, research infrastructures and international collaboration, language resources, and tools.

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    Authors: Šetkus, Benediktas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjama tautinio ugdymo mokant istorijos Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos laikotarpiu metodinė mintis. Remiantis to meto istorikų ir istorijos mokytojų publikacijomis, analizuojamas tautos istorijos mokymo vaidmuo ugdant mokinius tautiškai, apžvelgiamos būdingiausios temos, kurių pagrindu siekta tai įgyvendinti. Aptariama šeimos ir gyvenamosios vietovės istorijos mokymo vaidmuo bei romantizmo propagavimo mokant istorijos jaunesniojo amžiaus vaikus reikšmė. Siekiama bendrais bruožais vertinti, kiek prieškario Lietuvos autorių išsakytos mintys yra priimtinos šiuo metu. The article seeks to analyze the experiences of teaching history, during 1918-1940 of the First Lithuanian Republic, as a tool for fostering patriotism, and to see whether it has lessons for today. During this time, as a component of the general education core, history was given the task of promoting patriotism. Many historians and teachers published articles examining the role of history in teaching patriotism. They concluded that history was one of the most important subjects in advancing patriotism. Interwar scholars believed that the primary vehicle for instilling patriotic values was teaching the history of the Lithuanian state and nation. Learning one's history was the basis of patriotism. In the teaching of history, they emphasized the heroic past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; especially it's most famous Grand Dukes who through their deeds embodied the best in the Lithuanian national character. Though enemies constantly beset Lithuania, it was able to defend its self, retaining its nationhood and eventually regaining independence. This type of civic education tried to show the injustice, pain, and suffering inflicted on Lithuania by alien powers. The belief was that patriotism was learning about one's role in the world. They thought that the primary grades should learn their family's history, their school's history, the local myths and legends, their village's and neighboring villages history and to continue this process to a national level. The foremost historians and pedagogues of the interwar period proposed that primary grade students be taught a romanticized version of Lithuania's history. History was supposed to extol the virtues of Lithuania's most famous heroes, their bravery, loyalty, and other virtues. This was thought to teach love of country and a resolve in defending of one's nation. The author believes the practices of teaching patriotism during the First Republic have relevance for today, so long as that practice is applied creatively.

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    Authors: Murauskaitė, Ilona;

    Leizeris Volfas (tikroji pavardė – Mekleris, 1910-1943) buvo žydų menininkų sambūrio „Jung Vilne“ įkūrėjas ir vadovas. Straipsnyje analizuojamas eilėraščių rinkinys „Švarce perl“ („Juodieji perlai“), aptariama lyrikos estetika ir poetika. L. Volfo eilėraščiai nagrinėjami, remiantis avangardinės literatūros estetika. Poeto lyrika atspindi skeptišką, romantišką, lyrinį ir kandų požiūrį į gyvenimą. Kūryboje L. Volfas naudojo įvairias formas: lyriką, groteską, satyrą ir parodiją. Leyzer Volf (born in Mekler, 1910-1943) was the founder and leading member of the "Yung Vilne" (Young Vilna) group of writers and artists. The article analyzes Wolf's poetry collection "Shwartze perl", focusing on the aesthetics and stylistics of the poems. Wolf's poems are analyzed with reference to avant-garde literature aesthetics. Wolf's poetry reflects the skeptical and romantic or the lyrical and caustic view of life. His creations unfold in multiple forms: lyrical, grotesque, satirical, and parodical.

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    Authors: Gaižutis, Algirdas;

    Jurgis Baltrušaitis (1903-1988) brendo kaip nepakartojama asmenybė, veikiama kelių kultūrų – lietuvių, rusų, prancūzų, iš dalies vokiečių – dirvos. Iš pradžių menotyrininkas gerai susipažino su vokiečių menotyrine tradicija, XIX a. antrosios pusės ir XX a. pradžios autoritetais, diskusijomis meno stilių raidos bei jų kaitos klausimais. Menotyrininkui imponavo H. Focillono veikalai, kuriuose jis atsiskleidė kaip įžymus viduramžių, romaniškojo meno ir kitų istorinių stilių žinovas, bet ir kaip analitikas, gerai išmanantis komparatyvistikos procedūras, metodologinius principus. J. Baltrušaičio meno koncepcija giliai apmąstyta. Joje menas aiškinamas kaip nepakartojama kūrybos forma, kaip formų kalba, lygiagretė su verbaline, žodžių kalba. Norint suprasti formų kalbą, būtina atsižvelgti į dvi svarbiausias aplinkybes – formų kūrybos ryšį su pasąmone (individualia ir bendruomenine) ir vaizduote. J. Baltrušaitis, galima sakyti, padarė tikrą perversmą traktuojant viduramžių meną, aiškinant jo fantastines ir fantasmagoriškas formas, atskirų periodų specifiką. Menotyrininko nedomino chrestomatinis viduramžių turinys – jis ėmė tyrinėti netikroviškas, fantastines meno formas, kurių analizė leido atrasti daug naujo gotikos meno sąveikoms su Rytų menu ir netgi Tolimųjų Rytų menu išryškinti. J. Baltrušaičio metodas – struktūrinė analizė, praturtinta fenomenologinėmis įžvalgomis ir iš dalies psichoanalize, taip pat komparatyvistiniais tyrinėjimais tikrąja šio žodžio reikšme. Tyrinėtojas esmingai praturtino temos, motyvo, technikos supratimą. The paper deals with the impact of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a famous art critic and expert of cultures, into the art criticism of the 20th century. The author of this paper shows that Baltrušaitis considerably enriched understanding of the romantic art in general and gothics in particular by revealing the origin and metamorphoses of its fantastic forms. Baltrušaitis proved that art during the Middle Ages and Renaissance became a field of intellectual speculations, creativity and rich fantasy. The author concludes that Jurgis Baltrušaitis, as a creator and a proponent of structural and comparative analysis, showed new possibilities for medieval studies as well as for interpretation of the relationship between Western and Eastern cultures.

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    Authors: Kačerauskas, Tomas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas grožio vaidmuo tampant kultūrai kaip egzistencinei kūrybai. Keliamas kultūros ir natūros sąveikos klausimas. Teigiama, kad grožis paslėptas kultūros klostėse. Pasitelkiama M. K. Sarbievijaus nedarnios dermės (discors concordia) ir darnios nedermės (concors discordia) koncepcija, interpretuojama kultūros tyrimų kontekste, kurį sudaro M. Heideggerio tiesos samprata, P. Ricœuro metaforos tyrinėjimai, a. J. Greimo semiotinė estetika, M. Merleau-Ponty estetinė fenomenologija. Iškeliamos tezės: kultūra ir natūra sutaikomos tik padarius prielaidą, kad jos abi – transcendentinės kūrinijos darnios (gražios) dalys; grožis traktuotinas kaip transcendencijos apvertimas; grožis yra tai, kas verčia naujai interpretuoti gyvenamąją visumą, nors jis pats lieka slaptas egzistencinio atsinaujinimo agentas; grožis, kaip bevietis kultūros agentas, utopizuoja tikrovę kaskart perkeldamas jos įvietinimo ribas; skirties tarp natūros ir kultūros gilinimas išplaukia iš nepaslankios ribos tarp jųdviejų ignoruojant gyvenamosios dermės nedermę; paslanki matumos ir nematumos sąveika žymi kultūros ir natūros paktą egzistenciniame paribyje. Article deals with the role of beauty in the creation of culture. The author raises the question about the interaction between culture and nature. according to the author, beauty has been concealed in the folds of the cultural robe. The author uses the M. K. Sarbievius’ conception of discordant harmony (discors concordia) and harmonious discord (concors discordia) to interpret the cultural research of a. J. Greimas’ semiotic aesthetics, M. Heidegger’s conception of the truth, the P. Ricoeur’s researches of metaphor, M. Merleau-Ponty’s aesthetical phenomenology. The following theses are raised: culture and nature are reconciled only after the presumption that they both are the harmonic (beautiful) parts of a transcendent creation; beauty is an inversion of the transcendent; beauty is what forces anew the interpretation of the life-whole, although it stays a secret agent; while removing the limits of its place, beauty as a-topic cultural agent makes reality u-topic; the deepening difference between nature and culture follows from ignoring the discordance of a living harmony; the mobile interconnection between visible and invisible signifies a pact of culture and nature in the existential border.

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    Authors: Tygielski, Wojciech;
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    Authors: Šetkus, Benediktas;

    Straipsnyje nagrinėjami istorijos dokumentų pateikimo Lietuvos istorijos vadovėliuose aspektai. Remiantis šiuo metu naudojamais šešiais skirtingų leidyklų vadovėliais siekiama išsiaiškinti, kiek juose yra pateikiama istorijos šaltinių ir jų kontekste – istorijos dokumentų arba jų fragmentų apie XX a. Lietuvos istoriją. Daromos išvados: 1. Vyresnėse klasėse turėtų būti daugiau naudojami pirminiai istorijos šaltiniai – dokumentai. Naudojant dokumentus yra sudaromos sąlygos moksleiviams suvokti istorinio laikotarpio dvasią bei tirti praeitį savarankiškai, ją interpretuoti ir grįsti savo pasirinktais argumentais. 2. Istorijos vadovėliuose yra pateikiami istorijos dokumentai, tačiau jų skaičius skirtingų leidyklų vadovėliuose ženkliai skiriasi. Daugelyje XX a. istorijos vadovėlių yra pateikti svarbiausi to laikotarpio istorijos dokumentai. 3. Istorijos dokumentų pateikimas vadovėliuose ne visuomet yra atliktas kruopščiai. Dažnai pasitaiko, jog vadovėlyje bet kuris tekstas yra įvardytas istorijos dokumentu. Pabrėžtina, kad ne visų dokumentų yra nurodyti autoriai, kartais pateikti per daug fragmentiški klausimai dokumentams nagrinėti arba atsakymas neišplaukia iš pateikto dokumento. Taip pat klausimo formuluotėje persakomas dokumento turinys, klausimas formuluojamas neaiškiai. Istorijos vadovėlių autoriai turėtų vengti šių trūkumų. The article states that in the process of teaching history at secondary schools various types of history sources are employed. [...] Primary documents allow pupils to better understand the spirit of a concrete historical period, to investigate the past independently and to interpret it with the help of chosen arguments. This way a specific character of a historian’s work is perceived. The conducted research allows the author to assert that history textbooks contain historical documents; however, their number significantly differs in the textbooks by different publishing houses. Three 10th form textbooks contain from 36 to 75 documents or their fragments; this makes from 9,6 % to 16,3 % out of all sources presented in history textbooks. Three 12th form textbooks contain from 10 to 80 historical documents; this makes 13,5 % – 14,5 % out of all sources. As far as illustrations are concerned, photographs predominate: in the 10th form textbooks their number is from 181 to 452 (this makes 45 % – 48,3 % out of all sources) while 12th form textbooks contain from 22 to 157 (26,5 % – 31,8 % out of all sources). All in all, most of the 20th century textbooks contain documents, relevant to this particular period. However, the author notices that historical documents are not always presented thoroughly. In some textbooks any source is presented as a historical document; some documents lack references to the authors; sometimes tasks for the analysis of documents are too fragmentary or the answer cannot be inferred from a presented document. Still in some other cases the task itself contains the summary of a document or it (the task) is not clearly formulated. It is advisable that the authors of history textbooks avoided such shortcomings

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    Authors: Jurėnienė, Virginija;

    Lietuvos moterų judėjimas (XIX amžiaus antroji pusė – 1940 metais) skirstoma į 4 etapus: 1) ankstyvasis, neorganizuotas (XIX amžiaus antroji pusė iki 1905 metų); 2) organizuotas kovos už politines teises (1905 metai –1920 metų gegužės 15 diena); 3) moterų politinių teisių įgyvendinimo (1920 metų gegužės 15 diena – 1927 metų balandis); 4) politinių teisių apribojimo-priklausymo nuo vyriausybės (1927–1940 metai). Specifinis Lietuvos moterų judėjimo bruožas buvo susiskaldymas ir moterų partijos nebuvimas. Pagal ideologinių srovių vyravimą skiriami: 1) pasaulietinis-liberalusis (demokratinis) (1890–1908 metai), veikiamas varpininkų (nuo 1901 metų demokratų) ir socialdemokratų (nuo 1896 metų); 2) katalikiškasis (1908–1926 metai). Lietuvos moterų judėjimas, palyginti su Vakarų Europos, buvo silpnas ir didelės įtakos valstybės vidaus politikai neturėjo ir neturi. Didžiausia moterų judėjimo problema buvo ne ideologinis, bet socialinis susiskirstymas. Jau XX amžiaus ketvirtojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje atsirado du sluoksniai – elito ir provincijos. Elitui nerūpėjo visų socialinių sluoksnių moterų problemos, todėl jis realiai negalėjo būti įtakinga visuomenine jėga. Kiekvienu straipsnyje aptartu moterų judėjimo etapu buvo sprendžiami saviti, tik tam etapui būdingi uždaviniai, nors dauguma jų buvo bendri visiems etapams, pavyzdžiui, švietimo, moterų vienybės, dalyvavimo politikoje, alkoholizmo ir kitos. 1988 metais atsikūręs Lietuvos moterų judėjimas yra judėjimo, nutraukusio veiklą 1940 metais, tąsa. The Women’s Movement in Lithuania (the second half of the 19th c. – 1940) is divided into four stages: 1) early, not organised (the second half of the 19th c. – 1905); 2) organised fight for political rights (1905 – 15 May 1920); 3) exercise of women’s political rights (15 May 1920 – April 1927); 4) restriction of political rights – dependency on the government (1927–1940). The specific feature of the Women’s Movement in Lithuania was disunity and absence of a women’s party. According to the prevalence of ideological schools, the following are distinguished: 1) secular-liberal (democratic) (1890–1908), influenced by “Varpininkai” organisation (by Democrats from 1901) and Social Democrats (from 1896); 2) Catholic (1908–1926). The Women’s Movement in Lithuania, compared to Western European women’s movements, was weak and did not have a great influence on the state’s domestic policy, neither has it today. The biggest problem of the women’s movement was social rather than ideological division. At the end of the 1930s, two social classes appeared: elite and provincial. The elite did not care about the problems of women from all social classes; therefore, it actually could not be an influential social power. Each stage of the women’s movement, discussed in the paper, had its own objectives, although most of them were common to all stages, e.g. education, women’s unity, involvement in politics, alcohol abuse, etc. The Lithuanian Women’s Movement, which re-established in 1988, is the continuation of the movement that discontinued its activities in 1940.

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    Authors: Valkauskas, Romualdas;

    Straipsnyje apžvelgiama Lietuvos balansų statistikos istorija. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos statistiko Albino Rimkos išskirtus 7 statistikos mokslą charakterizuojančius punktus, kurie iliustruoja XX a. I pusės istorinių dalykų matymą. Nepriimtina tai, jog A. Rimka tapatino ar kitaip gretino statistiką ir ūkio statistiką, kuri yra ekonominiai statistiniai skaičiavimai. Neįmanoma sukurti ūkio statistikos teoriją ir nustatyti reikalavimus ūkio ir socialinės statistikos praktikai. Nepaisant to, postūmį kurti ūkio statistikos teoriją ir nustatyti tikslius reikalavimus ūkio ir socialinės statistikos praktikai suteikė pirmieji XX amžiaus dešimtmečiai. Išskiriami ūkio statistikos, o tarp jos ir balansų statistikos XX šimtmečio raidos etapai Lietuvoje. Valstybės statistikos susiformavimo laikotarpis (1918 02 16–1939 08 01), izoliacijos nuo pasaulinės ekonominės minties laikotarpis (1939 08 01 – 1990 03 11), prarastų vertybių atkūrimo laikotarpis (1990 03 11–iki šių dienų). Taip pat išskiriami 4 nacionalinių sąskaitų sistemos (NSS) laikotarpiai ir pateikiama raidos schema. Balansiniai skaičiavimai iki NSS sukūrimo (iki 1938 m.), NSS atsiradimas ir įteisinimas tarptautiniu mastu (1938–1953 m.), NSS tobulinimas ir individualių, iliustruojančių šalių grupių ar regionų ypatumus NSS standartų kūrimas (1953–1979 m.), nacionalinių sąskaitų sistemos tapimas dominuojančia balansinių skaičiavimų sistema (1979 m.–iki šių dienų). Kiekvienas istorinis tarpsnis buvo savitas, pamažu vedęs prie balansinių skaičiavimų sąvokų susiformavimo, jų sukonkretinimo, prie universalios ir viską apimančios balansinių skaičiavimų sistemos. The article reviews balance-of-payments statistics history of Lithuania. Attention is paid to 7 points characterising the science of statistics distinguished by Lithuanian statistician Albinas Rimka, which illustrate the view of history of the first half of the XXth century. It is unacceptable that A. Rimka equated or otherwise compared statistics and agricultural statistics, which is economic statistical calculations. It is impossible to create a theory of agricultural statistics and to set requirements for agricultural as well as social statistics practice. Nevertheless, the first decades of the XXth century provided an impetus for the creation of the theory of agricultural statistics and introduction of precise requirements for agricultural and social statistics practice. Stages of development of agricultural statistics, including balance-of-payments statistics, in Lithuania in the XX century are distinguihed. Period of formation of state statistics (16 02 1918 – 01 08 1939), period of isolation from global economic thought (01 08 1939 – 11 03 1990), period of restoration of lost values (11 03 1990 – to this day). Also 4 periods of System of National Accounts are distinguished and development scheme is presented. Balance calculations before the creation of the System of National Accounts (until 1938), emergence of the System of National Accounts and international legitimation (1938–1953), improvement of the System of National Accounts as well as development of individual standards of the System of National Accounts which illustrate characteristics of groups of coutries or regions (1953–1979), System of National Accounts turning into a prevailing system of balance calculations (1979 - to this day). Every historical period was distinctive, slowly leading to the formation of balance calculations' concepts, their concretization, to universal and inclusive system of balance calculations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ “Lituanistika”, Inte...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/