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HinDialect: 26 Hindi-related languages and dialects of the Indic Continuum in North India Languages This is a collection of folksongs for 26 languages that form a dialect continuum in North India and nearby regions. Namely Angika, Awadhi, Baiga, Bengali, Bhadrawahi, Bhili, Bhojpuri, Braj, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Gujarati, Haryanvi, Himachali, Hindi, Kanauji, Khadi Boli, Korku, Kumaoni, Magahi, Malvi, Marathi, Nimadi, Panjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit. This data is originally collected by the Kavita Kosh Project at http://www.kavitakosh.org/ . Here are the main characteristics of the languages in this collection: - They are all Indic languages except for Korku. - The majority of them are closely related to the standard Hindi dialect genealogically (such as Hariyanvi and Bhojpuri), although the collection also contains languages such as Bengali and Gujarati which are more distant relatives. - All except Nepali are primarily spoken in (North) India - All except Sanksrit are alive languages Data Categorising them by pre-existing available NLP resources, we have: * Band 1 languages : Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Bengali, Nepali. These languages already have other large datasets available. Since Kavita Kosh focusses largely on Hindi-related languages, we may have very little data for these other languages in this particular dataset. * Band 2 languages: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Awadhi, Brajbhasha. These languages have growing interest and some datasets of a relatively small size as compared to Band 1 language resources. * Band 3 languages: All other languages in the collection are previously zero-resource languages. These are the languages for which this dataset is the most relevant. Script This dataset is entirely in Devanagari. Content in the case of languages not written in Devanagari (such as Bengali and Gujarati) has been transliterated by the Kavita Kosh Project. Format The data is segregated by language, and contains each folksong in a different JSON file.

HinDialect: 26 Hindi-related languages and dialects of the Indic Continuum in North India Languages This is a collection of folksongs for 26 languages that form a dialect continuum in North India and nearby regions. Namely Angika, Awadhi, Baiga, Bengali, Bhadrawahi, Bhili, Bhojpuri, Braj, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Gujarati, Haryanvi, Himachali, Hindi, Kanauji, Khadi Boli, Korku, Kumaoni, Magahi, Malvi, Marathi, Nimadi, Panjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit. This data is originally collected by the Kavita Kosh Project at http://www.kavitakosh.org/ . Here are the main characteristics of the languages in this collection: - They are all Indic languages except for Korku. - The majority of them are closely related to the standard Hindi dialect genealogically (such as Hariyanvi and Bhojpuri), although the collection also contains languages such as Bengali and Gujarati which are more distant relatives. - They are all primarily spoken in (North) India (Bengali is also spoken in Bangladesh) - All except Sanksrit are alive languages Data Categorising them by pre-existing available NLP resources, we have: * Band 1 languages : Hindi, Panjabi, Gujarati, Bengali, Nepali. These languages already have other large standard datasets available. Kavita Kosh may have very little data for these languages. * Band 2 languages: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Awadhi, Braj. These languages have growing interest and some datasets of a relatively small size as compared to Band 1 language resources. * Band 3 languages: All other languages in the collection are previously zero-resource languages. These are the languages for which this dataset is the most relevant. Script This dataset is entirely in Devanagari. Content in the case of languages not written in Devanagari (such as Bengali and Gujarati) has been transliterated by the Kavita Kosh Project. Format The dataset contains a single text file containing folksongs per language. Folksongs are separated from each other by an empty line. The first line of a new piece is the title of the folksong, and line separation within folksongs is preserved.

Pre-trained models to parse Hindi text using the STEPS dependency parser (https://github.com/boschresearch/steps-parser). {"references": ["Gr\u00fcnewald et al. (2021). https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12699"]}

Language Acquisition corpus

ca. 7.000 tokens; linked with relational database; XML-encoding in progress

Hindi monolingual corpus. It is based primarily on web crawls performed using various tools and at various times. Since the web is a living data source, we treat these crawls as completely separate sources, despite they may overlap. To estimate the magnitude of this overlap, we compared the total number of segments if we concatenate the individual sources (each source being deduplicated on its own) with the number of segments if we de-duplicate all sources to- gether. The difference is just around 1%, confirming, that various web crawls (or their subsequent processings) differ significantly. HindMonoCorp contains data from: Hindi web texts, a monolingual corpus containing mainly Hindi news articles has already been collected and released by Bojar et al. (2008). We use the HTML files as crawled for this corpus in 2010 and we add a small crawl performed in 2013 and re-process them with the current pipeline. These sources are denoted HWT 2010 and HWT 2013 in the following. Hindi corpora in W2C have been collected by Martin Majliš during his project to automatically collect corpora in many languages (Majliš and Žabokrtský, 2012). There are in fact two corpora of Hindi available—one from web harvest (W2C Web) and one from the Wikipedia (W2C Wiki). SpiderLing is a web crawl carried out during November and December 2013 using SpiderLing (Suchomel and Pomikálek, 2012). The pipeline includes extraction of plain texts and deduplication at the level of documents, see below. CommonCrawl is a non-profit organization that regu- larly crawls the web and provides anyone with the data. We are grateful to Christian Buck for extracting plain text Hindi segments from the 2012 and 2013-fall crawls for us. Intercorp – 7 books with their translations scanned and manually alligned per paragraph RSS Feeds from Webdunia.com and the Hindi version of BBC International followed by our custom crawler from September 2013 till January 2014.

HindEnCorp parallel texts (sentence-aligned) come from the following sources: Tides, which contains 50K sentence pairs taken mainly from news articles. This dataset was originally col- lected for the DARPA-TIDES surprise-language con- test in 2002, later refined at IIIT Hyderabad and provided for the NLP Tools Contest at ICON 2008 (Venkatapathy, 2008). Commentaries by Daniel Pipes contain 322 articles in English written by a journalist Daniel Pipes and translated into Hindi. EMILLE. This corpus (Baker et al., 2002) consists of three components: monolingual, parallel and annotated corpora. There are fourteen monolingual sub- corpora, including both written and (for some lan- guages) spoken data for fourteen South Asian lan- guages. The EMILLE monolingual corpora contain in total 92,799,000 words (including 2,627,000 words of transcribed spoken data for Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu). The parallel corpus consists of 200,000 words of text in English and its accompanying translations into Hindi and other languages. Smaller datasets as collected by Bojar et al. (2010) include the corpus used at ACL 2005 (a subcorpus of EMILLE), a corpus of named entities from Wikipedia (crawled in 2009), and Agriculture domain parallel corpus.  For the current release, we are extending the parallel corpus using these sources: Intercorp (Čermák and Rosen,2012) is a large multilingual parallel corpus of 32 languages including Hindi. The central language used for alignment is Czech. Intercorp’s core texts amount to 202 million words. These core texts are most suitable for us because their sentence alignment is manually checked and therefore very reliable. They cover predominately short sto- ries and novels. There are seven Hindi texts in Inter- corp. Unfortunately, only for three of them the English translation is available; the other four are aligned only with Czech texts. The Hindi subcorpus of Intercorp contains 118,000 words in Hindi. TED talks 3 held in various languages, primarily English, are equipped with transcripts and these are translated into 102 languages. There are 179 talks for which Hindi translation is available. The Indic multi-parallel corpus (Birch et al., 2011; Post et al., 2012) is a corpus of texts from Wikipedia translated from the respective Indian language into English by non-expert translators hired over Mechanical Turk. The quality is thus somewhat mixed in many respects starting from typesetting and punctuation over capi- talization, spelling, word choice to sentence structure. A little bit of control could be in principle obtained from the fact that every input sentence was translated 4 times. We used the 2012 release of the corpus. Launchpad.net is a software collaboration platform that hosts many open-source projects and facilitates also collaborative localization of the tools. We downloaded all revisions of all the hosted projects and extracted the localization (.po) files. Other smaller datasets. This time, we added Wikipedia entities as crawled in 2013 (including any morphological variants of the named entitity that appears on the Hindi variant of the Wikipedia page) and words, word examples and quotes from the Shabdkosh online dictionary.

Language and Cognition corpus