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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Koskenniemi, Kimmo; Arppe, Antti;

    Proceedings of the NODALIDA 2009 workshop Nordic Perspectives on the CLARIN Infrastructure of Language Resources. Editors: Rickard Domeij, Kimmo Koskenniemi, Steven Krauwer, Bente Maegaard, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson and Koenraad de Smedt. NEALT Proceedings Series, Vol. 5 (2009), 12-15. © 2009 The editors and contributors. Published by Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT) http://omilia.uio.no/nealt . Electronically published at Tartu University Library (Estonia) http://hdl.handle.net/10062/9207 .

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mariani, Joseph, J; Rehm, Georg; Uszkoreit, Hans;

    This article provides an overview of the dissemination work carried out in META-NET from 2010 until early 2014; we describe its impact on the regional, national and international level, mainly with regard to politics and the situation of funding for LT topics. This paper documents the initiative’s work throughout Europe in order to boost progress and innovation in our field.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Utrecht University R...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Utrecht University Repository
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2014
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    Conference object . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Utrecht University R...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Utrecht University Repository
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kurisoo, Tuuli; Saage, Ragnar;

    This dataset contains information on the chemical composition of archaeological finds (pXRF data) from Estonia, obtained with the SPECTRO xSORT analyser in August 2022. All analysed finds are stored at the Archaeological Research Collection of Tallinn University. The dataset consists of measurements normalised to 100% and is divided into three sections (silver brooches, pewter objects and copper alloy objects). Tuuli Kurisoo and Ragnar Saage presented the results of the analysis "A pilot study of the workshop areas in Estonia" at the 28th EAA Annual Meeting in Budapest, Hungary, in the session "Metals and metalwork in the Borderlands" on 2 September 2022. Andmekogu sisaldab Eestist leitud arheoloogiliste leidude keemilise koostise analüüsi (pXRF meetodil), mis mõõdeti 2022. aasta augustis kasutades SPECTRO xSORT instrumenti. Kõik analüüsitud leiud pärinevad Tallinna Ülikooli arheoloogia teaduskogust. Andmekogu sisaldab mõõtmise tulemusi, mis on 100%-ni normaliseeritud. Tuuli Kurisoo ja Ragnar Saage esitasid saadud tulemusi suulise ettekandega “A pilot study of the workshop areas in Estonia” 28. Euroopa arheoloogide assotsiatsiooni aastakonverentsil Budapestis, Ungaris, sessioonil session "Metals and metalwork in the Borderlands" 2. septembril 2022.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.23673/re-44...
    Other ORP type . 2023
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Sygma
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.23673/re-44...
      Other ORP type . 2023
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Sygma
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rannamäe, Eve;

    Sheep (Ovis aries) has been one of the most exploited domestic animal in Estonia since the Late Bronze Age. Today, sheep husbandry forms a small, but important part in Estonian agriculture. By using zooarchaeological and genetic data, the aim of the dissertation is to study sheep husbandry and the development of maternal lineages in Estonia and more widely, in the Baltic Sea region, from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC) until the present-day. The zooarchaeological part of the thesis focuses on animal consumption in Late Iron Age and medieval Viljandi and Karksi, and tackles the changes in proportion and exploitation of faunal resources over time. The genetic part of the research aims to analyse the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA both in the ancient populations and modern Kihnu native sheep. The results of the study indicate that, starting from the Bronze Age, sheep husbandry and utilisation in Estonia has been rather persistent. Nonetheless, changes occurred, which could mainly be related to two distinct periods. Firstly, the transition from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including the 13th century Crusades. Genetically it is expressed in population expansion, possibly linked to the overall increase in human population and the demand for meat supplies. Moreover, the growth of the populations seems to have relied on local herds, while the effect of imported animals was probably insignificant. Secondly, changes came along with the beginning of the large-scale breeding in the 19th century, aimed to improve the local production of mutton and wool. With slightly decreased genetic diversity, the local sheep, including the Kihnu native sheep, have been preserved up to the present. Lammas (Ovis aries) on alates hilispronksiajast olnud üks enimkasvatatud kariloomi Eestis. Tänapäeval moodustab lambakasvatus Eestis väikese, kuid järjest olulisema osa põllumajandusest. Tuginedes zooarheoloogilisele leiuainesele ja geneetilisele andmestikule, on väitekirja eesmärk uurida lambakasvatust ning lammaste emaliinide ajalugu Eestis ja laiemalt Läänemere kultuuriruumis keskmisest pronksiajast (u 1200 eKr) tänapäevani. Töö zooarheoloogiline pool keskendub hilisrauaajale ja keskajale Viljandis ja Karksis ning loomsete saaduste tarbimisharjumustele ajas ja ruumis. Geneetiline osa analüüsib emaliini pidi pärandatavat mitokondriaalset DNA-d vanades lambaleidudes ja ka tänapäevastes Kihnu maalammastes. Uurimusest selgub, et lambakasvatus ja lammaste tarvitamine toiduks on Eestis olnud pronksiajast peale üsna järjepidev. Siiski ilmnevad mõned murranguajad, millele tuleb seletust otsida laiemal ajaloolisel taustal. Need muudatused seostuvad kahe perioodiga. Esiteks üleminek muinasajalt keskajale koos 13. sajandi alguse ristisõdadega. Geneetilises andmestikus väljendub see lambapopulatsiooni suurenemises, mis on toimunud kohaliku talumajanduse ja olemasolevate loomade baasil, ning mis võib olla tingitud sellest, et keskajal kasvas koos rahvaarvuga ka kariloomade hulk. Teine murrang ilmneb seoses suure tõuaretusega 19. sajandil, mil eeskätt Lääne-Euroopast sisse toodud tõugudega hakati kohalike lammaste liha- ja villatootlikkust parandama. Hoolimata sellest on algupärased põliste tunnustega maalambad, eeskätt Kihnu maalammas, säilinud tänapäevani, kuigi mõnevõrra väiksema geneetilise mitmekesisusega. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Persiani, Michele; Hellström, Thomas;

    Affordances denote actions that can be performed in the presence of different objects, or possibility of action in an environment. In robotic systems, affordances and actions may suffer from poor semantic generalization capabilities due to the high amount of required hand-crafted specifications. To alleviate this issue, we propose a method to mine for object-action pairs in free text corpora, successively training and evaluating different prediction models of affordance based on word embeddings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från U...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DSpace at Tartu University Library
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från U...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DSpace at Tartu University Library
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: AY, Eyyüp;

    Conserning the Hurrian and Mitanni period, Muslumantepe appears to had been an ımportant center in the Upper Tigris region. What is particularly remarkable here is a palace structure from the Early Bronze Age surrounded by city walls. The temple from the Middle Bronze Age and the in-situ cult objects provide important insights into the temple architecture and religious rituals of the Hurrian-Mitanni Period. The comparisons show that the Palace and Temple in Müslümantepe could be the earliest of the Middle Bronze Age Palaces and Temples related to the Hurrians in Northern Syria, especially in the Amuq Plain. The cult objects provide a better insight into Hurrian-Mitanni religious festivals and rituals conducted both inside and outside the temples. The excavations in Müslümantepe provided archaeological evidence supporting the written documents on the Hurrian origins of AN.TAH.ŠUM, the spring festival celebrated by the Hittites. Interestingly, the temple artifacts have added a new dimension to the relationship between the Hurri-Greek Pantheon, to which Gütterbock had previously drawn attention in the context of the Illuyanka myth. The Zeus Omphalos pedestal related to the oracle well unearthed in the Temple of Apollo in Athens, as well as a similar variant of the wheel of fortune shaft made from cylindrical stone were discovered at the Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe. In this way, many known direct or indirect relations between the ancient Asia Minor and the ancient Greek world were acknowledged Müslümantepe Yukarı Dicle Bölgesinde Hurri-Mitanni kültürleri açısından önemli bir merkezdir. Eski Tunç Çağında sur ile çevrili saray yapısı dikkat çekicidir. Orta Tunç Çağına tarihlendirilen tapınak yapısı ve içindeki in-situ kült objeleri Hurri-Mitanni Dönemi tapınak mimarisi ve dini ritüelleri hakkında önemli bulgular sunmaktadır. Yapılan karşılaştırmalarda Müslümantepe’nin Saray ve Tapınağının Kuzey Suriye’deki özellikle de Amik ovasındaki Hurrilerle ilişkili Orta Tunç Çağı Saray ve Tapınaklarının öncüleri olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kült objeleri gerek tapınak içinde gerekse dışarıda icra edilen Hurri(-Mitanni) dini bayram ve ritüellerinin anlaşılmasına imkân vermiştir. Müslümantepe kazıları, Hititlerin baharda kutladıkları bayramı olan AN.TAH.ŠUM ‘un Hurrili kökenine ilişkin yazılı belgelerin yanısıra arkeolojik kanıtlar sunmuştur. Tapınak buluntuları ilginç bir biçimde daha önce Gütterbock’un İlluyanka Efsanesi bağlamında dikkat çektiği Hurri-Greek panteon ilişkisine yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır; Atina’da Apollo Tapınağında açığa çıkarılan kehanetle ilgili Zeus Ompholosu kaidesi ve çarkıfelek mili(silindirik taşı)nın bir benzeri Müslümantepe Hurri-Mitanni tapınağından ele geçmiştir. Böylece Eski Önasya dünyasıyla Antik Yunan dünyası arasında bilinen birçok direkt ya da dolaylı ilişkiyi pekiştirmiştir.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Derg...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Bjerva, Johannes; Östling, Robert;

    Assessing the semantic similarity between sentences in different languages is challenging. We approach this problem by leveraging multilingual distributional word representations, where similar words in different languages are close to each other. The availability of parallel data allows us to train such representations on a large amount of languages. This allows us to leverage semantic similarity data for languages for which no such data exists. We train and evaluate on five language pairs, including English, Spanish, and Arabic. We are able to train wellperforming systems for several language pairs, without any labelled data for that language pair.

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    DSpace at Tartu University Library
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Conference object . 2017
    Data sources: NARCIS
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      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Anderson, Jaanika;

    This dissertation focuses on one area of the University of Tartu Art Museum, namely the cast collections, their formation, development and use in the pedagogical and scientific spheres in the 19th century. Although from the historical perspective, the cast collection was established simultaneously with the university art museum’s collection of originals, researching only the cast collections enables us to study the casts as a specific form of the reception of ancient art in greater depth. The first aim of the dissertation was to determine which factors initiated the creation and development of Tartu’s cast collection. For this purpose, the cast collection has been placed into the historical, ideological and academic contexts of Europe and Estonia. The other main research question related to the reception of this cast collection in academic teaching and scientific research. When collecting casts at the university’s art museum started at the beginning of the 19th century, however, in terms of contemporary Europe, a very new ready-made model was thus adopted. In a process that lasted more than a century, we can differentiate three stages affected by different paradigms: in the first half of the century, the museum was guided by a universal period affected by the ideas of the Enlightenment and Freemasonry, when besides ancient art and casts various art forms were collected. In the middle of the 19th century, the perfectionist period began when a specialisation in ancient art came about, including the collection of sculpture casts. After this phase, the museum had an art collection that was typical of universities. We can call the third phase the systemising stage where, in addition to collecting, publishing the collections also became a priority. The historical-political and social situations of the 19th century made the continuous growth of Tartu’s cast collection possible: the period 1803–1914 was a time without external aggressive interruptions or wars that made it possible directly to increase, arrange and use the collection according to trends, visions and abilities. The cast collection was already used in teaching in the first years after the museum’s founding. On the basis of the materials that have been preserved and found, it has to be stated that idea was relatively new and idealistic in the whole German cultural space, and the practical application of the idea on his course did not go very smoothly. In comparison to using Tartu’s cast collection in teaching, its role in scientific research was even smaller, however. Vätekirja teemaks on Tartu ülikooli kunstimuuseumi valandikogu kujunemine, areng ning kasutamine pedagoogilises ja teadussfääris 19. sajandil. Ehkki ajalooliselt kujunes valandikogu samal ajal koos ülikooli kunstimuuseumi originaalide koguga, võimaldab üksnes valandile keskenduv vaatlus üksikasjalikumalt uurida seda kui antiikkunsti retseptsiooni spetsiifilist vormi. Uurimaks millistest mõjuteguritest lähtudes antud kogu loodi ja arendati, paigutati see Euroopa ja Eesti ajaloolisesse, ideoloogilisse ja akadeemilisse konteksti. Teine suurem uurimisküsimus puudutab selle valandikogu retseptsiooni akadeemilises õppetöös ja teadustegevuses. Huvi autentse antiikkunsti ja sellega seoses ka valandite vastu algas Eesti alal eelkõige tänu valgustuse, sh vabamüürluse ja haridusideede levikule 18/19. sajandi vahetusel. Enam kui sajandi kestnud protsessis võime eristada kolme, eri paradigmadest mõjutatud etappi: esimesena valitses kunstimuuseumis universaalne periood, mil antiikkunsti ja valandite kõrval koguti väga erinevaid kunstiliike. 19. sajandi keskel sai antiikkunsti, sh skulptuurivalandite kogumisele spetsialiseerumisega alguse perfektsionismiperiood, millega astuti ülikoolide tüüpiliste kunstikogude hulka. Kolmandana võib nimetada süstematiseerimise etappi, kus kogumise kõrval muutus oluliseks kogude publitseerimine. Siinsed paradigmamuutused vormusid Euroopa üldise konteksti mõjul, kuid kogu täiendamine sõltus ka muuseumi juhatjata eelistustest, teadmistest ja kontaktidest ning nende vahetumisega kaasnesid paljudel juhtudel muutused muuseumi prioriteetides ning paradigmavahetused olid kergemini sisseviidavad. Siinse valandikogu järjepideva arengu tagas 19. sajandil väliste väliste agressiivsete katkestusteta ajaloolis-poliitiline ja sotsiaalne situatsioon. Tartu ülikooli asend kahe erineva kultuuri mõjusfääris, poliitiliselt Vene impeeriumi koosseisus ning haridus- ja kunstiideaalidelt saksa kultuuriruumis, mõjus valandikogu kujunemisele pigem positiivselt. Säilinud materjalide põhjal peab nentima, et muuseumi algidee oli kogu saksa kultuuriruumis võrdlemisi uudne ja idealistlik, kuid selle rakendamine praktilises õppes ei läinud nii ladusalt. Tartu valandikogu tähtsus teadustöös jäi võrreldes kogu kasutamisega õppetöös veelgi tagasihoidlikumaks.

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    Authors: Kurisoo, Tuuli; Posti, Mari-Liis; Jegorov, Sander; Kangert, Nele;

    This article summarises recent public finds from Estonia and gives a brief overview of recent developments in their management by the National Heritage Board. Most of the discoveries discussed were made by licensed hobbyists using metal detectors and only a few by chance. There is a noticeable decrease in the number of public finds and the possible reasons for this worrying development are discussed in the second half of the paper.

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    ZENODO
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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      ZENODO
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    Authors: Tõrv, Mari;

    The thesis “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” focuses on the question of how death was handled within and among hunter-gatherer communities in Estonia. The study departs from the human remains – both intact skeletons and loose human bones in occupation layers – bringing the human body to the foreground to detect mortuary practices through the lens of archaeo-thanatology, and to recreate the primary identities of these people by the application of osteological methods and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies. The time depth is provided by the radiocarbon dates of human bone collagen. The new radiocarbon dates show that the first burials took place at Narva Joaorg starting from the mid of the 7th millennium cal. BC. The youngest hunter-gatherer burials derive from Tamula that was used as a burial place for a longer time period; its end date corresponds to the burial at Naakamäe, being c. 2600 cal. BC. Stable isotope results show that all the human remains belonged to inland fishers and coastal hunters of marine fished and mammals, indicating the importance of hunting and gathering subsistence until the mid of 3rd millennium cal. BC in Estonia. Burials contained the remains of both females, males, and adults and children of all age groups. These general observations about biological sex and age allege that mortuary rituals were carried out irrespective of the primary identities of the deceased. The long temporal perspective allowed observing the continuum and change of practices. As indicated by the archaeothanatological analyses, a range of practices were considered as norm. Only a fraction of the population received archaeologically observable handling; the vast majority of these constitute primary inhumations in a variety of body positions either with or without grave goods. Also, clear evidence of practices in multiple episodes was demonstrated. The deceased had been placed in the ground of contemporary settlement sites, cemeteries, and solitary graves close to the hunter-gatherer pathways. However, instead of stressing the differences in grave goods, or in places for the dead, and/or variability in body positions, it is stressed that a unchanging pattern of underlying norms of mortuary practices persisted from the first evidence of mortuary remains in c. 6500 cal. BC until the mid 3rd millennium cal. BC. This core of practices was formed by the immediate handling of the dead, primacy of the corpse, absence of clear separation between life and death, and open character of the mortuary practices that allowed the maintenance and gradual change of mortuary rituals within and among hunter-gatherer communities. Key words: mortuary practices, practice theory, body as material culture, archaeothanatology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, radiocarbon dates, hunter-gatherers, Stone Age, Estonia Käesoleva töö “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” [“Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 eKr“] keskmes on küsimus, kuidas kohtlesid kiviaja kütid ja korilased surnuid. Lähtun surnukehast, õigemini selle materiaalsetest jäänustes, milleks siin on terviklikud luustikud ja üksikud inimluud asulate kultuurkihtides. Matmispraktikaid rekonstrueeritakse arheotanatoloogia abil ning surnute esmaseid identiteete osteoloogiliste meetodite ja süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsete isotoopide analüüside kaudu. Luu kollageenist tehtud radiosüsiniku dateeringud annavad uurimusele ajalise sügavuse. Uute radiosüsiniku dateeringute kohaselt leidsid kõige vanemad matused toimusid 7. aastatuhande keskel Narva Joaorus. Noorimad dateeringud seevastu kuuluvad Tamula ja Naakamäe matustele, jäädes aega umbes 2600 eKr. Stabiilsete isotoopide uuringud näitavad, et vaadeldud inimluud kuuluvad sisemaa kalastajatele ja ranniku küttidele. See omakorda näitab, et kuni 3. aastatuhande keskpaigani eKr oli püügimajanduslik elatusviis määrava tähtsusega, lubades töös vaadatud surnuid koondada ühisnimetaja kütid ja korilased alla. Arheoloogiliselt nähtavad matmispraktikad said osaks nii naistele, lastele, kui ka meestele. Seetõttu võib öelda, et esmastel identiteetidel ei olnud matmispraktikate valimisel määravat rolli. Pikk ajaline perspektiiv lubab jälgida nii praktikate püsivust, kui ka muutusi. Arheotanatoloogiline analüüs näitab, et aktsepteeritava normi moodustas hulk erinevaid praktikaid. Kusjuures suur osa toonastest rituaalidest jääb tabamatuks. Arheoloogiliselt jälgitavatest praktikatest domineerib esmane laibamatus, samas tõestati ka mitme-episoodiliste matuste olemasolu Eestis. Surnuid sängitati nii asula kultuurkihti, kalmistutele, kui ka üksikmatustena asustusest eemale. Hoolimata mitmetest erinevustest rõhutatakse töös, et matuserituaalide põhisisu säilis ajavahemikus 6500–2600 eKr suures osas muutumatuna. Selleks muutumatuks tuumikuks võib pidada kohest tegutsemist surma ilmnemisel, surnukeha kesksust praktikate läbiviimisel, elevate ja surnute maailma ranget eraldamatust ja praktikate avatud iseloomu, mis võimaldas nende säilimise ja järk-järgulise muutumise ligi nelja aasta tuhande jooksul. Võtmesõnad: matmispraktikad, praktikate teooriad, keha materiaalse kultuuri osana, arheotanatoloogia, süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsed isotoobid, radiosüsiniku dateeringud, kütid ja korilased, kiviaeg, Eesti

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Koskenniemi, Kimmo; Arppe, Antti;

    Proceedings of the NODALIDA 2009 workshop Nordic Perspectives on the CLARIN Infrastructure of Language Resources. Editors: Rickard Domeij, Kimmo Koskenniemi, Steven Krauwer, Bente Maegaard, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson and Koenraad de Smedt. NEALT Proceedings Series, Vol. 5 (2009), 12-15. © 2009 The editors and contributors. Published by Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT) http://omilia.uio.no/nealt . Electronically published at Tartu University Library (Estonia) http://hdl.handle.net/10062/9207 .

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    Authors: Mariani, Joseph, J; Rehm, Georg; Uszkoreit, Hans;

    This article provides an overview of the dissemination work carried out in META-NET from 2010 until early 2014; we describe its impact on the regional, national and international level, mainly with regard to politics and the situation of funding for LT topics. This paper documents the initiative’s work throughout Europe in order to boost progress and innovation in our field.

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    Authors: Kurisoo, Tuuli; Saage, Ragnar;

    This dataset contains information on the chemical composition of archaeological finds (pXRF data) from Estonia, obtained with the SPECTRO xSORT analyser in August 2022. All analysed finds are stored at the Archaeological Research Collection of Tallinn University. The dataset consists of measurements normalised to 100% and is divided into three sections (silver brooches, pewter objects and copper alloy objects). Tuuli Kurisoo and Ragnar Saage presented the results of the analysis "A pilot study of the workshop areas in Estonia" at the 28th EAA Annual Meeting in Budapest, Hungary, in the session "Metals and metalwork in the Borderlands" on 2 September 2022. Andmekogu sisaldab Eestist leitud arheoloogiliste leidude keemilise koostise analüüsi (pXRF meetodil), mis mõõdeti 2022. aasta augustis kasutades SPECTRO xSORT instrumenti. Kõik analüüsitud leiud pärinevad Tallinna Ülikooli arheoloogia teaduskogust. Andmekogu sisaldab mõõtmise tulemusi, mis on 100%-ni normaliseeritud. Tuuli Kurisoo ja Ragnar Saage esitasid saadud tulemusi suulise ettekandega “A pilot study of the workshop areas in Estonia” 28. Euroopa arheoloogide assotsiatsiooni aastakonverentsil Budapestis, Ungaris, sessioonil session "Metals and metalwork in the Borderlands" 2. septembril 2022.

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    https://doi.org/10.23673/re-44...
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      https://doi.org/10.23673/re-44...
      Other ORP type . 2023
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    Authors: Rannamäe, Eve;

    Sheep (Ovis aries) has been one of the most exploited domestic animal in Estonia since the Late Bronze Age. Today, sheep husbandry forms a small, but important part in Estonian agriculture. By using zooarchaeological and genetic data, the aim of the dissertation is to study sheep husbandry and the development of maternal lineages in Estonia and more widely, in the Baltic Sea region, from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC) until the present-day. The zooarchaeological part of the thesis focuses on animal consumption in Late Iron Age and medieval Viljandi and Karksi, and tackles the changes in proportion and exploitation of faunal resources over time. The genetic part of the research aims to analyse the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA both in the ancient populations and modern Kihnu native sheep. The results of the study indicate that, starting from the Bronze Age, sheep husbandry and utilisation in Estonia has been rather persistent. Nonetheless, changes occurred, which could mainly be related to two distinct periods. Firstly, the transition from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including the 13th century Crusades. Genetically it is expressed in population expansion, possibly linked to the overall increase in human population and the demand for meat supplies. Moreover, the growth of the populations seems to have relied on local herds, while the effect of imported animals was probably insignificant. Secondly, changes came along with the beginning of the large-scale breeding in the 19th century, aimed to improve the local production of mutton and wool. With slightly decreased genetic diversity, the local sheep, including the Kihnu native sheep, have been preserved up to the present. Lammas (Ovis aries) on alates hilispronksiajast olnud üks enimkasvatatud kariloomi Eestis. Tänapäeval moodustab lambakasvatus Eestis väikese, kuid järjest olulisema osa põllumajandusest. Tuginedes zooarheoloogilisele leiuainesele ja geneetilisele andmestikule, on väitekirja eesmärk uurida lambakasvatust ning lammaste emaliinide ajalugu Eestis ja laiemalt Läänemere kultuuriruumis keskmisest pronksiajast (u 1200 eKr) tänapäevani. Töö zooarheoloogiline pool keskendub hilisrauaajale ja keskajale Viljandis ja Karksis ning loomsete saaduste tarbimisharjumustele ajas ja ruumis. Geneetiline osa analüüsib emaliini pidi pärandatavat mitokondriaalset DNA-d vanades lambaleidudes ja ka tänapäevastes Kihnu maalammastes. Uurimusest selgub, et lambakasvatus ja lammaste tarvitamine toiduks on Eestis olnud pronksiajast peale üsna järjepidev. Siiski ilmnevad mõned murranguajad, millele tuleb seletust otsida laiemal ajaloolisel taustal. Need muudatused seostuvad kahe perioodiga. Esiteks üleminek muinasajalt keskajale koos 13. sajandi alguse ristisõdadega. Geneetilises andmestikus väljendub see lambapopulatsiooni suurenemises, mis on toimunud kohaliku talumajanduse ja olemasolevate loomade baasil, ning mis võib olla tingitud sellest, et keskajal kasvas koos rahvaarvuga ka kariloomade hulk. Teine murrang ilmneb seoses suure tõuaretusega 19. sajandil, mil eeskätt Lääne-Euroopast sisse toodud tõugudega hakati kohalike lammaste liha- ja villatootlikkust parandama. Hoolimata sellest on algupärased põliste tunnustega maalambad, eeskätt Kihnu maalammas, säilinud tänapäevani, kuigi mõnevõrra väiksema geneetilise mitmekesisusega. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Persiani, Michele; Hellström, Thomas;

    Affordances denote actions that can be performed in the presence of different objects, or possibility of action in an environment. In robotic systems, affordances and actions may suffer from poor semantic generalization capabilities due to the high amount of required hand-crafted specifications. To alleviate this issue, we propose a method to mine for object-action pairs in free text corpora, successively training and evaluating different prediction models of affordance based on word embeddings.

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    Authors: AY, Eyyüp;

    Conserning the Hurrian and Mitanni period, Muslumantepe appears to had been an ımportant center in the Upper Tigris region. What is particularly remarkable here is a palace structure from the Early Bronze Age surrounded by city walls. The temple from the Middle Bronze Age and the in-situ cult objects provide important insights into the temple architecture and religious rituals of the Hurrian-Mitanni Period. The comparisons show that the Palace and Temple in Müslümantepe could be the earliest of the Middle Bronze Age Palaces and Temples related to the Hurrians in Northern Syria, especially in the Amuq Plain. The cult objects provide a better insight into Hurrian-Mitanni religious festivals and rituals conducted both inside and outside the temples. The excavations in Müslümantepe provided archaeological evidence supporting the written documents on the Hurrian origins of AN.TAH.ŠUM, the spring festival celebrated by the Hittites. Interestingly, the temple artifacts have added a new dimension to the relationship between the Hurri-Greek Pantheon, to which Gütterbock had previously drawn attention in the context of the Illuyanka myth. The Zeus Omphalos pedestal related to the oracle well unearthed in the Temple of Apollo in Athens, as well as a similar variant of the wheel of fortune shaft made from cylindrical stone were discovered at the Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe. In this way, many known direct or indirect relations between the ancient Asia Minor and the ancient Greek world were acknowledged Müslümantepe Yukarı Dicle Bölgesinde Hurri-Mitanni kültürleri açısından önemli bir merkezdir. Eski Tunç Çağında sur ile çevrili saray yapısı dikkat çekicidir. Orta Tunç Çağına tarihlendirilen tapınak yapısı ve içindeki in-situ kült objeleri Hurri-Mitanni Dönemi tapınak mimarisi ve dini ritüelleri hakkında önemli bulgular sunmaktadır. Yapılan karşılaştırmalarda Müslümantepe’nin Saray ve Tapınağının Kuzey Suriye’deki özellikle de Amik ovasındaki Hurrilerle ilişkili Orta Tunç Çağı Saray ve Tapınaklarının öncüleri olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kült objeleri gerek tapınak içinde gerekse dışarıda icra edilen Hurri(-Mitanni) dini bayram ve ritüellerinin anlaşılmasına imkân vermiştir. Müslümantepe kazıları, Hititlerin baharda kutladıkları bayramı olan AN.TAH.ŠUM ‘un Hurrili kökenine ilişkin yazılı belgelerin yanısıra arkeolojik kanıtlar sunmuştur. Tapınak buluntuları ilginç bir biçimde daha önce Gütterbock’un İlluyanka Efsanesi bağlamında dikkat çektiği Hurri-Greek panteon ilişkisine yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır; Atina’da Apollo Tapınağında açığa çıkarılan kehanetle ilgili Zeus Ompholosu kaidesi ve çarkıfelek mili(silindirik taşı)nın bir benzeri Müslümantepe Hurri-Mitanni tapınağından ele geçmiştir. Böylece Eski Önasya dünyasıyla Antik Yunan dünyası arasında bilinen birçok direkt ya da dolaylı ilişkiyi pekiştirmiştir.

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    Authors: Bjerva, Johannes; Östling, Robert;

    Assessing the semantic similarity between sentences in different languages is challenging. We approach this problem by leveraging multilingual distributional word representations, where similar words in different languages are close to each other. The availability of parallel data allows us to train such representations on a large amount of languages. This allows us to leverage semantic similarity data for languages for which no such data exists. We train and evaluate on five language pairs, including English, Spanish, and Arabic. We are able to train wellperforming systems for several language pairs, without any labelled data for that language pair.

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    Authors: Anderson, Jaanika;

    This dissertation focuses on one area of the University of Tartu Art Museum, namely the cast collections, their formation, development and use in the pedagogical and scientific spheres in the 19th century. Although from the historical perspective, the cast collection was established simultaneously with the university art museum’s collection of originals, researching only the cast collections enables us to study the casts as a specific form of the reception of ancient art in greater depth. The first aim of the dissertation was to determine which factors initiated the creation and development of Tartu’s cast collection. For this purpose, the cast collection has been placed into the historical, ideological and academic contexts of Europe and Estonia. The other main research question related to the reception of this cast collection in academic teaching and scientific research. When collecting casts at the university’s art museum started at the beginning of the 19th century, however, in terms of contemporary Europe, a very new ready-made model was thus adopted. In a process that lasted more than a century, we can differentiate three stages affected by different paradigms: in the first half of the century, the museum was guided by a universal period affected by the ideas of the Enlightenment and Freemasonry, when besides ancient art and casts various art forms were collected. In the middle of the 19th century, the perfectionist period began when a specialisation in ancient art came about, including the collection of sculpture casts. After this phase, the museum had an art collection that was typical of universities. We can call the third phase the systemising stage where, in addition to collecting, publishing the collections also became a priority. The historical-political and social situations of the 19th century made the continuous growth of Tartu’s cast collection possible: the period 1803–1914 was a time without external aggressive interruptions or wars that made it possible directly to increase, arrange and use the collection according to trends, visions and abilities. The cast collection was already used in teaching in the first years after the museum’s founding. On the basis of the materials that have been preserved and found, it has to be stated that idea was relatively new and idealistic in the whole German cultural space, and the practical application of the idea on his course did not go very smoothly. In comparison to using Tartu’s cast collection in teaching, its role in scientific research was even smaller, however. Vätekirja teemaks on Tartu ülikooli kunstimuuseumi valandikogu kujunemine, areng ning kasutamine pedagoogilises ja teadussfääris 19. sajandil. Ehkki ajalooliselt kujunes valandikogu samal ajal koos ülikooli kunstimuuseumi originaalide koguga, võimaldab üksnes valandile keskenduv vaatlus üksikasjalikumalt uurida seda kui antiikkunsti retseptsiooni spetsiifilist vormi. Uurimaks millistest mõjuteguritest lähtudes antud kogu loodi ja arendati, paigutati see Euroopa ja Eesti ajaloolisesse, ideoloogilisse ja akadeemilisse konteksti. Teine suurem uurimisküsimus puudutab selle valandikogu retseptsiooni akadeemilises õppetöös ja teadustegevuses. Huvi autentse antiikkunsti ja sellega seoses ka valandite vastu algas Eesti alal eelkõige tänu valgustuse, sh vabamüürluse ja haridusideede levikule 18/19. sajandi vahetusel. Enam kui sajandi kestnud protsessis võime eristada kolme, eri paradigmadest mõjutatud etappi: esimesena valitses kunstimuuseumis universaalne periood, mil antiikkunsti ja valandite kõrval koguti väga erinevaid kunstiliike. 19. sajandi keskel sai antiikkunsti, sh skulptuurivalandite kogumisele spetsialiseerumisega alguse perfektsionismiperiood, millega astuti ülikoolide tüüpiliste kunstikogude hulka. Kolmandana võib nimetada süstematiseerimise etappi, kus kogumise kõrval muutus oluliseks kogude publitseerimine. Siinsed paradigmamuutused vormusid Euroopa üldise konteksti mõjul, kuid kogu täiendamine sõltus ka muuseumi juhatjata eelistustest, teadmistest ja kontaktidest ning nende vahetumisega kaasnesid paljudel juhtudel muutused muuseumi prioriteetides ning paradigmavahetused olid kergemini sisseviidavad. Siinse valandikogu järjepideva arengu tagas 19. sajandil väliste väliste agressiivsete katkestusteta ajaloolis-poliitiline ja sotsiaalne situatsioon. Tartu ülikooli asend kahe erineva kultuuri mõjusfääris, poliitiliselt Vene impeeriumi koosseisus ning haridus- ja kunstiideaalidelt saksa kultuuriruumis, mõjus valandikogu kujunemisele pigem positiivselt. Säilinud materjalide põhjal peab nentima, et muuseumi algidee oli kogu saksa kultuuriruumis võrdlemisi uudne ja idealistlik, kuid selle rakendamine praktilises õppes ei läinud nii ladusalt. Tartu valandikogu tähtsus teadustöös jäi võrreldes kogu kasutamisega õppetöös veelgi tagasihoidlikumaks.

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    Authors: Kurisoo, Tuuli; Posti, Mari-Liis; Jegorov, Sander; Kangert, Nele;

    This article summarises recent public finds from Estonia and gives a brief overview of recent developments in their management by the National Heritage Board. Most of the discoveries discussed were made by licensed hobbyists using metal detectors and only a few by chance. There is a noticeable decrease in the number of public finds and the possible reasons for this worrying development are discussed in the second half of the paper.

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    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO; Sygma
      ZENODO
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tõrv, Mari;

    The thesis “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” focuses on the question of how death was handled within and among hunter-gatherer communities in Estonia. The study departs from the human remains – both intact skeletons and loose human bones in occupation layers – bringing the human body to the foreground to detect mortuary practices through the lens of archaeo-thanatology, and to recreate the primary identities of these people by the application of osteological methods and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies. The time depth is provided by the radiocarbon dates of human bone collagen. The new radiocarbon dates show that the first burials took place at Narva Joaorg starting from the mid of the 7th millennium cal. BC. The youngest hunter-gatherer burials derive from Tamula that was used as a burial place for a longer time period; its end date corresponds to the burial at Naakamäe, being c. 2600 cal. BC. Stable isotope results show that all the human remains belonged to inland fishers and coastal hunters of marine fished and mammals, indicating the importance of hunting and gathering subsistence until the mid of 3rd millennium cal. BC in Estonia. Burials contained the remains of both females, males, and adults and children of all age groups. These general observations about biological sex and age allege that mortuary rituals were carried out irrespective of the primary identities of the deceased. The long temporal perspective allowed observing the continuum and change of practices. As indicated by the archaeothanatological analyses, a range of practices were considered as norm. Only a fraction of the population received archaeologically observable handling; the vast majority of these constitute primary inhumations in a variety of body positions either with or without grave goods. Also, clear evidence of practices in multiple episodes was demonstrated. The deceased had been placed in the ground of contemporary settlement sites, cemeteries, and solitary graves close to the hunter-gatherer pathways. However, instead of stressing the differences in grave goods, or in places for the dead, and/or variability in body positions, it is stressed that a unchanging pattern of underlying norms of mortuary practices persisted from the first evidence of mortuary remains in c. 6500 cal. BC until the mid 3rd millennium cal. BC. This core of practices was formed by the immediate handling of the dead, primacy of the corpse, absence of clear separation between life and death, and open character of the mortuary practices that allowed the maintenance and gradual change of mortuary rituals within and among hunter-gatherer communities. Key words: mortuary practices, practice theory, body as material culture, archaeothanatology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, radiocarbon dates, hunter-gatherers, Stone Age, Estonia Käesoleva töö “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” [“Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 eKr“] keskmes on küsimus, kuidas kohtlesid kiviaja kütid ja korilased surnuid. Lähtun surnukehast, õigemini selle materiaalsetest jäänustes, milleks siin on terviklikud luustikud ja üksikud inimluud asulate kultuurkihtides. Matmispraktikaid rekonstrueeritakse arheotanatoloogia abil ning surnute esmaseid identiteete osteoloogiliste meetodite ja süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsete isotoopide analüüside kaudu. Luu kollageenist tehtud radiosüsiniku dateeringud annavad uurimusele ajalise sügavuse. Uute radiosüsiniku dateeringute kohaselt leidsid kõige vanemad matused toimusid 7. aastatuhande keskel Narva Joaorus. Noorimad dateeringud seevastu kuuluvad Tamula ja Naakamäe matustele, jäädes aega umbes 2600 eKr. Stabiilsete isotoopide uuringud näitavad, et vaadeldud inimluud kuuluvad sisemaa kalastajatele ja ranniku küttidele. See omakorda näitab, et kuni 3. aastatuhande keskpaigani eKr oli püügimajanduslik elatusviis määrava tähtsusega, lubades töös vaadatud surnuid koondada ühisnimetaja kütid ja korilased alla. Arheoloogiliselt nähtavad matmispraktikad said osaks nii naistele, lastele, kui ka meestele. Seetõttu võib öelda, et esmastel identiteetidel ei olnud matmispraktikate valimisel määravat rolli. Pikk ajaline perspektiiv lubab jälgida nii praktikate püsivust, kui ka muutusi. Arheotanatoloogiline analüüs näitab, et aktsepteeritava normi moodustas hulk erinevaid praktikaid. Kusjuures suur osa toonastest rituaalidest jääb tabamatuks. Arheoloogiliselt jälgitavatest praktikatest domineerib esmane laibamatus, samas tõestati ka mitme-episoodiliste matuste olemasolu Eestis. Surnuid sängitati nii asula kultuurkihti, kalmistutele, kui ka üksikmatustena asustusest eemale. Hoolimata mitmetest erinevustest rõhutatakse töös, et matuserituaalide põhisisu säilis ajavahemikus 6500–2600 eKr suures osas muutumatuna. Selleks muutumatuks tuumikuks võib pidada kohest tegutsemist surma ilmnemisel, surnukeha kesksust praktikate läbiviimisel, elevate ja surnute maailma ranget eraldamatust ja praktikate avatud iseloomu, mis võimaldas nende säilimise ja järk-järgulise muutumise ligi nelja aasta tuhande jooksul. Võtmesõnad: matmispraktikad, praktikate teooriad, keha materiaalse kultuuri osana, arheotanatoloogia, süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsed isotoobid, radiosüsiniku dateeringud, kütid ja korilased, kiviaeg, Eesti

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