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One of the last stages of the Delmataean-Pannonian rebellion took place in the area between Burnum and Tilurium between 6 and 9 AD. This revolt is known as the Bellum Batonianum, which was named after the two leaders of the rebellion. Suetonius’ words in Tiberius’s biography (Suet. Tib. 16.1) ...gravissimum omnium externorum bellorum post Punica, best attest to the nature of the conflict and how much it affected the Roman state. In the Roman province of Dalmatia, true peace, the so-called Pax Romana, could have begun only after overpowering the rebels. This peace was also very beneficial to Italy, which was secured by Dalmatian coastal routes. The benefit of peace was achieved by the Romans through the strategic deployment of legionary and auxiliary military units in the area between Burnum and Tilurium. This paper seeks to explore whether the spatial arrangement of units had a certain system and whether the spatial arrangement of auxiliary units during the 1st century had any significance in that system. Na području između Burna i Tilurija odvijala se od 6. do 9. godine jedna od posljednjih faza delmatsko-panonskog ustanka. Taj ustanak, poznat pod imenom Bellum Batonianum, dobio je ime po Batonima, vođama pobunjenika. O kakvom se sukobu radilo i koliko je on uzdrmao rimsku državu najbolje svjedoče Svetonijeve riječi u Tiberijevoj biografiji (Suet. Tib. 16.1): ...gravissimum omnium externorum bellorum post Punica. Tek je nakon savladavanja ustanika u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji moglo započeti razdoblje istinskoga mira (Pax Romana) koji je, osim toga, bio blagodatan i za Italiju kojoj je ova čuvala priobalne prilaze. Mirnodopsku blagodat na prostoru između Burna i Tilurija Rimljani su postigli strateškim razmještanjem legionarskih i pomoćnih vojnih jedinica. Ovaj rad želi istražiti da li u tome prostornom razmještaju trupa ima sustava i da li je u tome sustavu tijekom 1. stoljeća od značenja bio i raspored pomoćnih trupa.

U radu se iznosi narav odnosa digitalne humanistike i tradicionalne humanistike (ponajprije iz perspektive književnosti) te poveznice između digitalne humanistike i informacijskih i komunikacijskih znanosti. S obzirom na to da je glavni fokus rada računalno potpomognuta analiza književnih likova, objašnjava se kako naratologija tumači likove, njihovu klasifikaciju i karakterizaciju, što predstavlja književnoteorijsko polazište za analizu likova u središnjem dijelu rada. Također, navode se i objašnjavaju računalne metode koje se koriste prilikom računalno potpomognute analize književnih likova. U istraživanju se upotrebljavaju sljedeći književni tekstovi: Posljednji Stipančići (Vjenceslav Novak), Krvavi most u Zagrebu (Mirko Bogović), Šuma Striborova (Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić), Oprava (Josip Kozarac) i Oko Lobora (Antun Gustav Matoš), koji su dostupni na internetskoj stranici e-lektire. Istraživanje je usredotočeno na naratološku analizu književnih likova potpomognutu računalnim metodama i alatima. Analiza rezultata pokazuje korisnost računalnih metoda i alata u naratološkoj analizi likova. Proučavanje glagola koji se vežu uz pojedini lik, traženje podataka o interakciji likova, analiza GDEX primjera izravnih definicija, statistički podaci o udjelima vlastitih imenica i osobnih zamjenica postupci su kojima se ostvaruje karakterizacija. Navode se i prijedlozi za budući rad i razvoj računalno potpomognutog proučavanja književih likova. This paper presents the nature of the relationship between digital humanities and traditional humanities (primarily from the perspective of literature) as well as the link between digital humanities and information and communication sciences. Given that the main focus of the paper is computer-aided analysis of literary characters, it describes narratological character interpretation, character classification and characterization, which represents the literary theory starting point for character analysis in the central part of the paper. Furthermore, the computer methods used in computer-aided character analysis are listed and explained. The following literary texts are used in the research: Posljednji Stipančići (Vjenceslav Novak), Krvavi most u Zagrebu (Mirko Bogović), Šuma Striborova (Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić), Oprava (Josip Kozarac) and Oko Lobora (Antun Gustav Matoš) which are available on the e-lektire website. The research focuses on the narratological analysis of literary characters aided by computer methods and tools. The analysis of the results shows the usefulness of computer methods and tools in narratological analysis of characters. The study of verbs related to a particular character, searching for data on the interaction of characters, analysis of GDEX examples of direct definitions, statistics on the shares of proper nouns and personal pronouns are procedures by which characterization is accomplished. Suggestions for future work and development of computer-aided study of literary characters are also given.

Rad se bavi prozom suvremenog srpskog pisca Davida Albaharija polazeći od teze da se u njegovu opusu očitava sumnja u svaku diskurzivno utemeljenu stvarnost, neovisna o sociopolitičkoj zbilji. Uočava se da problemski odnos historije i književnosti kao pripovjednih diskursa predstavlja poetički i sadržajni kontinuitet na razini opusa, te da je zastupljenost i privilegiranje historijskih, političkih, kulturoloških i socijalnih tema u kritičkoj recepciji produkt čitateljske konfiguracije vremena, a ne značenja koje eksplicitno i jasno proizlazi iz književnoga teksta. Istraživanje se kreće putem razmatranja sumnje u zaposjedanje realnog i faktografskog jezikom, pa je usmjereno na ispitivanje jezične djelatnosti pripovjedača, pripovjednog identiteta i zapleta zasnovano na hermeneutičkoj teoriji pripovijedanja Paula Ricoeura, njezinu kritičkom odnosu spram strukturalističke analize i konceptu identiteta kao dinamičnog i nedovršenog postajanja. Privilegiranje i tumačenje izražene metafikcionalne dimenzije Albaharijevih književnih tekstova pokazuje da se njihova referencijalna dimenzija sustavno dovodi u pitanje, te da je ova subverzivna strategija preduvjet pripovijedanju shvaćenom kao kreativna djelatnost i preduvjet čitanju shvaćenom kao ponovno osmišljavanje teksta. Rad predlaže novo čitanje Albaharijeva opusa formiranjem književnoteorijskog okvira kojim sintetizira poetičke i sadržajne preokupacije književnih tekstova s razmatranjem odnosa književnosti i historiografije kao pripovjednih diskursa, postavljajući u svoje središte čitanje koje artikulira i konkretizira priču. Od predloženog čitanja očekuje se da doprinese kvalitetnom i sustavnom uvidu u prozu Davida Albaharija, te kritičkom sagledavanju njezina poetičkog kontinuiteta u odnosu prema sukladnim književnim pojavama u modernoj književnosti. The dissertation analyses the prose work of the contemporary Serbian writer David Albahari starting from the thesis that his oeuvre reveals doubt in any discursively based reality, regardless of the socio-political actuality. We observe that the problem relation between history and literature as narrative discourses presents a poetical and content-related continuity at the level of the oeuvre and that the representation and favouring of historical, political, cultural and social topics in the critical reception is a product of the reader’s time configuration and not of the meaning which explicitly and clearly arises from the literary text. The research proceeds by considering the doubt in occupying the real and the factual with language and thus focuses on analysing the narrator’s language activity, narrative identity and plot based on Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutical theory of narration, its critical stance towards the structuralist analysis and the concept of identity as a dynamic and incomplete coming-into-being. Favouring and interpreting the pronounced metafictional dimension of Albahari’s literary texts show that their referential dimension is systematically brought into question and that this subversive strategy is a precondition to narration understood as a creative activity and a precondition to reading understood as a re-creation of a text. The dissertation proposes a new reading of Albahari’s oeuvre through the formation of a literarytheoretical framework which should synthesize the poetical and content-related preoccupations of literary texts and the consideration of the relation between literature and historiography as narrative discourses, placing at its centre the reading which articulates and concretizes the story. The proposed reading is expected to contribute to a substantial and systematic insight into the prose work of David Albahari, as well as to the critical evaluation of its poetic continuity in relation to the corresponding literary phenomena in modern literature.

Knjižnice su od davnih vremena bitna kulturna, društvena i informacijska središta. Zbog vrijednosti kojima doprinose društvu, gubitak knjižnica vrlo je velika šteta za zajednice u kojima se nalaze, ali i za kulturu općenito. Baš zbog toga, vrlo su česta meta u ratovima jer se koriste za brisanje povijesti jednoga naroda. U ovom radu na temelju brojne literature sagledat će se zašto dolazi do uništavanja knjižnica. Dati će se pregled uništenih knjižnica u ratovima 20. i 21. stoljeća. Obradit će se primjeri iz Drugog svjetskog rata, Domovinskog rata, Rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, Rata u Iraku i Rata u Ukrajini. Poseban naglasak stavit će se na vrijedne knjižnice s najvećim gubitcima, poput Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke Bosne i Hercegovine i Nacionalne knjižnice Iraka. Nakon primjera knjižnica obradit će se postojeće UNESCO-ve zaštite knjižnica u slučaju oružanih sukoba. Naposljetku će se sagledati razlozi zašto se knjižnice namjerno ciljaju u ratovima te postoji li adekvatno rješenje za taj problem. Since ancient times libraries have been important cultural, social and information centers. Because of the value they contribute to society, the loss of libraries is a big loss for the communities in which they are located, but also for culture in general. Because of this, they are often targeted in wars because this is used for erasing history of a nation. Based on numerous literature, in this paper it will be examined why libraries are destroyed. An overview of the libraries destroyed in the wars of the 20th and 21st centuries will be given. Examples from the Second World War, the Croatian War of Independence the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the War in Iraq and the War in Ukraine will be covered. Special emphasis will be placed on valuable libraries with the greatest losses, such as the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the National Library of Iraq. After the example of libraries, the existing UNESCO protections of libraries in case of armed conflicts will be discussed. Finally, the reasons why libraries are deliberately targeted in wars will be examined and whether there is an adequate solution for this problem.

Zamišljena kao prvo sustavnije istraživanje generičkih posebnosti najpoznatijega književnog ostvarenja Pavla Rittera Vitezovića, ova disertacija nastoji detektirati karakteristična obilježja čitavog niza pisanoknjiževnih, usmenoknjiževnih, pučkoknjiževnih, poluknjiževnih i izvanknjiževnih žanrova od kojih je „sastavljeno“ Odiljenje sigetsko (Linz, 1684.), a sve s nakanom da za njegov kompleksan i do sada kojekako definiran žanrovski identitet pokuša iznaći što precizniju oznaku. Oslanjajući se na zapažanja suvremene književne genologije ili teorije žanr(ov)a, poglavito na ona utjecajne teorije govornih žanrova Mihaila Bahtina, analiza navedene žanrove motri kao podjednako tekstualne i kontekstualne konstrukte, slijedom čega i njihovu pojavu unutar korica Odiljenja dosljedno teži protumačiti kako unutartekstualnim i književnopovijesnim, odnosno poetičkim, tako i intertekstualnim, recepcijskim, ideološkim, pa čak i društvenopovijesnim razlozima. Zahvaljujući takvu pristupu, disertacija omogućuje puni uvid u dosad zanemarivanu generičku slojevitost Odiljenja sigetskog te pritom podastire mnoštvo opipljivih dokaza njegove uvjetovanosti raznim izvantekstualnim činiteljima, zbog udovoljavanja kojima ga Pavao Ritter Vitezović i jest držao najsvrsishodnijim realizirati kao kompozicijski i formalno rascjepkan višežanrovski sastavak koji će različite čitatelje biti u stanju navesti na posve različita generička očekivanja. Kao najvažniji rezultat provedenoga istraživanja stoga se i ispostavlja ta u potpunosti „osvježena“, iz novih spoznaja izrasla generička percepcija ovoga možda i najosebujnijeg književnog teksta naše barokne i ne samo barokne književnosti, koji zbog svojega „mozaičnog“ žanrovskog identiteta učinkovito izmiče svim pokušajima jednoznačnoga generičkog svrstavanja. The basic intention of the doctoral dissertation entitled Genre Characteristics of Pavao Ritter Vitezović's „Odiljenje sigetsko“ is to offer the first systematic genological analysis of one of the most difficultly genre-identifiable literary works in the history of Croatian literature in general – Pavao Ritter Vitezović’s Odiljenje sigetsko (Linz, 1684.). After the introductory part of the text, which briefly presents the problem orientation of the dissertation and its objectives, the second chapter establishes a theoretical framework within which the research will be conducted. Given that it is an exploration of the genre aspect of the selected text, it is precisely the literary genology or genre theory that has been shortly recalled as the most appropriate theoretical starting point. Among the various genealogical approaches, the theory of speech genres of the Russian literary theorist Mihail Bahtin is then chosen, especially because its postulates in contemporary genology have an important place and can therefore prove as extremely useful in the analysis of genre-intricate works such as Odiljenje sigetsko. The genre and all other peculiarities of Vitezović’s Odiljenje sigetsko are discussed in the next chapter, which also recalls the concerns encountered by his readers during its genre classification. Moreover, this chapter also points to the various definitions by which Pavao Ritter himself identified his first literary work in the Croatian language in the paratextual parts of three of its editions, published for his lifetime. Various – partly explicit and partly implicit – genre categorizations then followed the Odiljenje from the eighteenth century to the present day, when in literary historical accounts and studies it is possible to encounter extremely different attempts of its generic identification, but subsequently confirmed with insufficiently persuasive evidences. The fourth chapter of the dissertation – which opens a detailed account of the complex genre system of Croatian baroque literature, within the framework of which Vitezović wrote his work – is fully devoted to exploring the specific genre characteristics of Odiljenje sigetsko. After the reconstruction of the baroque genre system, the following is an analysis of the genre characteristics of the very diverse origins by which Pavao Ritter has flowed Odiljenje from the first to the last of its verse, whereby the text does not only locate a number of peculiarities of baroque and pre-baroque literary genres ranging from fictitious epistle and lament to epitaph and allegory. Moreover, the analysis confirms that Odiljenje is filled with recognizable features and even complete examples of genres of folklore literature (bugaršćica, dirge, prayer, blessing, curse, proverb, riddle, etc.), as well as those of literary and even semiliterary and marginal literary such as instruction, war speech, oath, etc. Starting from the insights from the previous section, in chapter five we approach Odiljenje as a unique (compact) literary text composed of features and complete examples of an unusually large number of literary and not just literary genres. In order to try to find as precisely and as comprehensively as possible genre determinant to such literary work, in this chapter it is viewed on the basis of the various contexts in which it is found, starting from that of the author’s oeuvre, through intertextual and literary-historical context, to the context of the targeted and real audience. Here we also look for its possible genre patterns and eventual genre successors, and then we propose a completely new genre definition that best fits its hybrid, that is, “all-genre” identity. In the concluding, sixth chapter of the dissertation, we briefly recall the most important results of our research into the genre characteristics of the Odiljenje sigetsko and point to the need for further genological studies of this extremely intriguing Pavao Ritter Vitezović’s literary work, whose peculiarity is evident not only in the framework of the domestic baroque literature, but also in those of Croatian literature in general.

Dvorac i perivoj grofova Drašković u Božjakovini potječu iz 18 stoljeća i jedan su od najstarijih spomenika kulture dugoselskog kraja. Povijest vezana uz njih značajna je ne samo na lokalnoj, već i na državnoj razini. Cijeli posjed uređen je kao uzorno „Državno dobro“ Kraljevine Hrvatske 1896. godine. U dvorcu je sastavljen poznati sporazum „Cvetković Maček“ 1939. godine, a na posjedu je radio i u dvorcu jedno vrijeme živio poznati pisac Slavko Kolar. Posjed je mijenjao nekoliko vlasnika, da bi 2004. godine bio u potpunosti napušten, prepušten zubu vremena i vandalima. Ovaj rad prikazuje ideju revitalizacije i obnove dvorca i perivoja Drašković i ostalih objekta na posjedu i koncipiran je na način da ima tri poglavlja. Prvo poglavlje odnosi se na nepokretnu kulturnu baštinu i u njemu je prikazan vandalizam i restauratorsko-konzervatorski pokreti. Drugo poglavlje odnosi se na geografski smještaj i povijest Božjakovine, a u njemu je prikazana povijest samog mjesta, dvorca, perivoja i ostalih objekata na posjedu. Treće poglavlje je ujedno i glavni dio ovog rada, a to je revitalizacija i obnova dvorca, perivoja i ostalih objekata na Božjakovečkom posjedu. The construction of the castle and the park belonging to the Counts Drašković dates back to the 18th century and those two are few of the oldest cultural monuments of the Dugo Selo municipality. Historical events concerning the castle and the park complex is significant not only on local, but moreover, on the national level. The whole property was arranged as ‘national property’ of Kingdom of Croatia in 1896. The castle was place where the „Cvetković-Maček“ agreement was made in 1939. Also, famous writer Slavko Kolar worked in Božjakovina and lived in castle for short period. After several changes of the ownership, property in Božjakovina was finally closed in 2004 after which it was completely abandoned and left to slow decay by nature and destruction by vandals. This master's thesis shows idea of revitalization and renovation of counts Drašković castle and park and other objects on Božjakovina estate. Master's thesis is concepted with three chapters, first of which shows tangible cultural heritage, in which are shown vandalism and restoration-conservation movements. Second chapter shows geographic location and history of Božjakovina in which are showed history of settlement Božjakovina, its castle, park and other objects in Božjakovina estate. Third chapter is the primary part of master's thesis, and that is revitalization and renovation of castle, park and other objects on Božjakovina estate.

The research and educational project Discovering the Old Dubrovnik Cathedrals was launched in 2015. Its activities were focused on the study of archaeological finds originating from the site of two consecutive medieval cathedral buildings under the actual Baroque Cathedral in Dubrovnik. The archaeological excavations at the site were undertaken after the earthquake of 1979, and the resulting finds have not been studied since. The primary activity of the educational project that so far involved over 40 students was the study of stone and glass fragments, as well as fragments of wall paintings and pottery. Out of approx. 3000 stone fragments, 250 were selected for detailed cataloguing, analysis and indexing. A metadata record was created for each object and each record was accompanied by multiple photographic representations of the fragment. Whole-part relationships between records allow the structuring and simulation of certain architectural units (e.g. the Romanesque ambo). Another important result of the project is the development of structured terminology via multilingual thesaurus (equivalence, associative and hierarchical relationships have been established among concepts). The aim of the article is to present an application of data processing in the field of digital art history and in the broader context of digital humanities.

U ovome će se radu dati prikaz Buddhina životopisa u školama tzv. starijega budhizma. Temelj za istraživanje ključnih biografskih epizoda bit će pālijski kanon Tipiṭaka, Nidānakathā (komentar uz pālijsku kanonsku zbirku Đātaka) i Mahāvastu (sjevernoindijsko djelo sačuvano na tzv. buddhističkome hibridnom sanskrtu). Nakon kratkoga uvoda (poglavlje 1) u kojem će se dati kratak pregled glavnih smjerova u dosadašnjim istraživanjima Buddhina životopisa, dat će se ključni podatci o korištenim izvorima ali i buddhističkim školama kojima ti izvori pripadaju (theravāda i mahāsaṅghika-lokottaravāda). U narednih pet poglavlja (poglavlja 3 do 7) bit će izdvojene sljedeće epizode životopisa Gotame Buddhe: rođenje i začeće, odlazak u beskućništvo, probuđenje, pokretanje kotača nauka i ulazak u konačnu nibbānu. Odabrani biografski fragmenti bit će najprije prevedeni na hrvatski jezik čime će se domaćem čitatelju ponuditi dijelovi Buddhina životopisa koji su do sada bili dostupni samo kroz prijevode na engleski ili neki drugi svjetski jezik. U tome središnjem dijelu rada pokušat će se ukazati na zajedničku jezgru predaje o životu Gotame Buddhe ali i na razlike prisutne među korištenim izvorima. U osmome poglavlju izdvojit će se svim izvorima zajedničke sastavnice životopisa (Buddhini epiteti, uloga čudesnih i zadivljujućih pojava koje prate ključne trenutke njegova života, veličanje Buddhinih savršenstava i postignuća, isticanje njegove nadmoći nad nebesnicima, povećanje broja Buddhinih prijašnjih rođenja kao i povećanje broja prethodnih buddha) i ukazati na stupanj njihova prisustva u pojedinome izvoru. U zaključnome dijelu rada (poglavlje 9) sažet će se rezultati istraživanja ali i ukazati na važnost i ulogu životopisa Gotame Buddhe u razvoju i širenju buddhizma. The talent, enthusiasm, and effort of prominent scholars such as Burnouf, Lassen, Westergaard, Childers, and others, laid a solid foundation for the period of intensive editing, translation, interpretation, and publishing of Buddhist texts which started in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. By that time, Rasmus K. Rask, while staying in Ceylon, collected numerous Pāli and Sinhala manuscripts (1821); Burnouf and Lassen published their Essai sur le Pali (1826); in 1837 Georg Turnouf published the text and translation of Mahāvaṃsa; in 1869 I. P. Minaev published the text and translation of the Pātimokkha (1869); Viggo Fausbol translated Dhammapada into Latin in 1855, and in 1875 Childers edited and published Mahāparinibbānasutta. In 1837 a parcel containing Sanskrit Buddhist manuscripts sent by Brian H. Hodgson from Nepal reached Société Asiatique in Paris and was received by Burnouf who dedicated much of his time and passion to examine them. Not only manuscripts in Pāli and Sanskrit were studied – Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian sources also became available to Western scholars, all of which prepared a way for the next generation of great scholars dedicated to the study of Buddhism. From the last quarter of the 19th century until approximately the middle of the 20th century, the field of Buddhist studies saw an increase in published texts and their translations. In that period, eminent scholars such as Émile Senart, T.W. Rhys Davids and his wife C. A.F. Rhys Davids, Hermann Oldenberg, Hendrik Kern, Étienne Lamotte, Sylvain Lévi, Louis de La Vallée Poussin, Wilhelm Geiger – to name just a few, strongly contributed to our knowledge of Indian Buddhism. The Pali Text Society, established by T.W. Rhys Davids in 1881 gathered many experts and incited the publishing of numerous and various Buddhist texts. T.W. Rhys Davids, his wife Caroline A.F. Rhys Davids, and Hermann Oldenberg are perhaps the best-known members of the so-called Anglo-German school. This group of authors considered texts preserved in Pāli to be the oldest and most valuable documents for our knowledge and understanding of the oldest (original) Buddhism. On the other side was the so-called Franco-Belgian school with Louis de La Vallée Poussin, Émile Senart, and Hendrik Kern as its most prominent members. They did not insist on Pāli texts as primary sources and they differed in their interpretation of the Buddhist texts. The two schools held different views about the founder of Buddhism as well. Scholars belonging to the Anglo-German school were convinced that Buddhist texts did preserve the earliest memories of Gotama Buddha and they considered him primarily a man whose life, over time, was hindered by numerous myths and legends. They firmly believed in philological methods and tried to reconstruct the life of Gotama by differing the earlier (more realistic) and later (more mythological and legendary) layers of Buddhist texts. Scholars of the opposing school considered Buddhaʼs biography mostly as a “meeting point” of much earlier mythological elements, believing however that Buddhaʼs life story contains some traces of realistic and historical facts. Among Franco-Belgians, the most radical view was held by Hendrik Kern who considered Gotama to be nothing more than a solar god. The two lines of thought became paradigmatical and most of the subsequent researches about the life of Gotama came to be inclined either to the Anglo-German or Franco-Belgian position. In more recent times, starting from the middle of the 20th century, new lines of the investigation appeared and scholars started to rely more confidently not only on the textual but also epigraphical, archeological, and other non-textual sources for a better understanding of the history and development of Indian Buddhism and the biography of its founder. The present thesis aims to present the major biographical episodes of the life of Gotama Buddha, namely, his conception and birth, going forth into homelessness, awakening, first sermon, and parinibbāna. It also offers their translation into the Croatian language since the majority of them, until now, were known to the Croatian audience only by the medium of English or some other major language. The main sources for the study of the development and changes of the conception of Gotama Buddha in the schools of Lesser Vehicle are Pāli canon Tipiṭaka (except for Abhidhammapiṭaka), Nidānakathā and Mahāvastu. The first two sources belong to the theravāda, while Mahāvastu belongs to the mahāsaṅghika-lokottaravāda school of thought. By extracting and comparing major biographical episodes one cannot expect to reach a definite conclusion about the diachronic development of Gotama Buddhaʼs biography since chosen textual sources belong to different schools, have a different purpose, and were shaped, over more than eight centuries, in culturally, politically and geographically distant areas. Still, by comparing biographical episodes one can try to point not only to the elements common to all sources but also to the more or less subtle changes in the perception of Gotama Buddha and the development of his biography among different Buddhist schools. The thesis is an attempt to justify the following assumption: the difference between Pāli texts, even those considered to represent an older layer of tradition, and the Mahāvastu, which due to some of its features is considered a transition to the so-called Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the Buddha becomes a supernatural or otherworldly being, cannot be interpreted as the result of a linear process of divination in which Gotama gradually lost his human characteristics and eventually became a supernatural being having an astonishing biography. The development of Buddhaʼs biography can be perhaps more properly interpreted as a process of its concentric spread around biographical details common to all sources. In that process, the biographical tradition was enriched with new details and even whole new episodes. The degree of “innovation” depended on the purpose of the text but also on the need to emphasize those biographical details that corroborated the views of a particular school. The Introduction (in which the aim of the present thesis is outlined ) is followed by the second chapter (Textual Sources) which brings the crucial information about the first two baskets of the Pāli canon Tipiṭaka, Nidānakathā, and Mahāvastu. Buddhist schools, namely theravāda and mahāsaṅghika-lokottaravāda to which these sources belong, are also briefly presented. The third chapter (The Conception and Birth of Gotama Buddha) is based on the following primary texts: Acchariyabbhutadhammasutta (MN iii. 119–124), Aṅguttaranikāya (AN ii. 130–132), Mahāpadānasutta (DN ii. 1–54), Suttanipāta (Sn. 686–693), Nidānakathā (JātA. I. 50–53), and Mahāvastu (Mv. i. 98–100, 142–153, 197–227, Mv. ii. 1–30). The fourth chapter (Going Forth into Homelessness) is based on Ariyapariyesanāsutta (MN i. 161–167), Dvedhāvitakkasutta (MN i. 116), Mahāsaccakasutta (MN i. 240), Suttanipāta (Sn. 405–424), Soṇadaṇḍasutta (DN i. 115), Sukhumālasutta (AN i. 145–148), Mahāpadānasutta (DN ii. 21– 30), Nidānakathā (JātA. I. 59–65) and Mahāvastu (Mv. i. 154–158, 227–228, Mv. ii. 115–134, 140–167, 189–210, 299–300). The fifth chapter (Awakening) brings forth selected passages from Bhayabheravasutta (MN i. 21–24), Ariyapariyesanāsutta (MN i. 167), Dvedhāvittakasutta (MN i. 117), Mahāsaccakasutta (MN i. 247–248), Vinayapiṭaka (Vin. i. 1–6), Mahāpadānasutta (DN ii. 30–36); Nidānakathā (JātA. I. 75–76), and Mahāvastu (Mv. i. 228–231, Mv. ii. 131– 133, Mv. ii. 263–271, followed by Mv. ii. 276–288, Mv. ii. 300–349, 397–420). The sixth chapter (First Sermon) is based on Vinayapiṭaka (Vin. i. 10–12), Dhammacakkappavattanasutta (SN v. 420–424), Ariyapariyesanāsutta (MN i. 173), Mahāpadānasutta (DN ii. 35–42), Nidānakathā (JātA. I. 81–82), and Mahāvastu (Mv. iii. 330–334, Mv. iii. 340–341). The seventh chapter (Buddhaʼs Parinibbāna) contains Croatian translations of the most prominent and wellknown passages from Pāli Mahāparinibbānasutta, contained in Dīghanikāya (sutta number 16). It also contains a short passage from Mahāvastu which describes events after Buddhaʼs death as well as a concise discussion about the importance of Buddhaʼs relics in the history of Buddhism. These five chapters contain major biographical episodes and follow the same methodology. The selected passages are translated into Croatian language and then compared in the attempt to establish what elements of the biographical tradition are common to all sources as well as to point out those elements which differ, considering that the chosen primary sources belong to schools that are opposed to each other when it comes to their view of Buddhaʼs nature. The eighth chapter (Changes in the Biography) highlights several ways which were employed by Buddhist authors/ compilers not only to broaden Buddhaʼs biography but also to give it a stamp of grandness and extraordinariness. By analyzing Buddhaʼs epithets, his physical, intellectual, and spiritual perfections, the purpose of miracles in his biography, the role of gods and heavenly beings in the crucial moments of his life, the ever-increasing number of Buddhaʼs past births and number of previous buddhas, the attempt is made to demonstrate in which degree are these elements present in selected primary sources. The last, ninth chapter (Conclusion) gives a summary of the research and outlines the most important features of Buddhaʼs biography which developed parallelly with the growth and spread of Buddhism.

This paper reviews in short the current research on the hypothesis of coevolution between Palaeolithic stone tool manufacture on one side, and cognition and specifically language on the other. Of particular interest are behavioral and neuroimaging studies.