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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plonka, A.I.; Blom, N.A.; Fichtner, A.; Seismology; +1 Authors

    Density heterogeneities are the source of mass transport in the Earth. However, the 3-D density structure remains poorly constrained because travel times of seismic waves are only weakly sensitive to density. Inspired by recent developments in seismic waveform tomography, we investigate whether the visibility of 3-D density heterogeneities may be improved by inverting not only travel times of specific seismic phases but complete seismograms. As a first step in this direction, we perform numerical experiments to estimate the effect of 3-D crustal density heterogeneities on regional seismic wave propagation. While a finite number of numerical experiments may not capture the full range of possible scenarios, our results still indicate that realistic crustal density variations may lead to travel-time shifts of up to ∼ 1s and amplitude variations of several tens of percent over propagation distances of ∼ 1000km. Both amplitude and travel-time variations increase with increasing epicentral distance and increasing medium complexity, i.e. decreasing correlation length of the heterogeneities. They are practically negligible when the correlation length of the heterogeneities is much larger than the wavelength. However, when the correlation length approaches the wavelength, density-induced waveform perturbations become prominent. Recent regional-scale full-waveform inversions that resolve structure at the scale of a wavelength already reach this regime. Our numerical experiments suggest that waveform perturbations induced by realistic crustal density variations can be observed in high-quality regional seismic data. While density-induced travel-time differences will often be small, amplitude variations exceeding ±10% are comparable to those induced by 3-D velocity structure and attenuation. While these results certainly encourage more research on the development of 3-D density tomography, they also suggest that current full-waveform inversions that use amplitude information may be biased due to the neglect of 3-D variations in density. Solid Earth, 7 (6) ISSN:1869-9510 ISSN:1869-9529

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCIS; Utrecht Univ...arrow_drop_down
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2016
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2016
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    Other literature type . 2018
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    Article . Preprint
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    Solid Earth
    Article . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/se-201...
    Preprint . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Article . 2016
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Article . 2016
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      Other literature type . 2018
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/se-201...
      Preprint . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      ETH Zürich Research Collection
      Article . 2016
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tobias Winchen; A. Bonardi; Stijn Buitink; Arthur Corstanje; +13 Authors

    Cosmic particles hitting Earth's moon produce radio emission via the Askaryan effect. If the resulting radio ns-pulse can be detected by radio telescopes, this technique potentially increases the available collective area for ZeV scale particles by several orders of magnitude compared to current experiments. The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is the largest radio telescope operating in the optimum frequency regime for this technique. In this contribution, we report on the status of the implementation of the lunar detection mode at LOFAR. Comment: Proceedings of the 26th Extended European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS), Barnaul/Belokurikha, 2018

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCISarrow_drop_down
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2019
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    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2019
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2019
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCISarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2019
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      Radboud Repository
      Article . 2019
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Semantic representations have long been argued as potentially useful for enforcing meaning preservation and improving generalization performance of machine translation methods. In this work, we are the first to incorporate information about predicate-argument structure of source sentences (namely, semantic-role representations) into neural machine translation. We use Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to inject a semantic bias into sentence encoders and achieve improvements in BLEU scores over the linguistic-agnostic and syntax-aware versions on the English--German language pair.

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    Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
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      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . 2018
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      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2018
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    Authors: G.-J. A. Brummer; G.-J. A. Brummer; B. Metcalfe; B. Metcalfe; +6 Authors

    Changeover from a glacial to an interglacial climate is considered as transitional between two stable modes. Palaeoceanographic reconstructions using the polar foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma highlight the retreat of the Polar Front during the last deglaciation in terms of both its decreasing abundance and stable oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O) in sediment cores. While conventional isotope analysis of pooled N. pachyderma and G. bulloides shells shows a warming trend concurrent with the retreating ice, new single-shell measurements reveal that this trend is composed of two isotopically different populations that are morphologically indistinguishable. Using modern time series as analogues for interpreting downcore data, glacial productivity in the mid-North Atlantic appears limited to a single maximum in late summer, followed by the melting of drifting icebergs and winter sea ice. Despite collapsing ice sheets and global warming during the deglaciation, a second "warm" population of N. pachyderma appears in a bimodal seasonal succession, separated by the subpolar G. bulloides. This represents a shift in the timing of the main plankton bloom from late to early summer in a "deglacial" intermediate mode that persisted from the glacial maximum until the start of the Holocene. When seawater temperatures exceeded the threshold values, first the "cold" (glacial) then the "warm" (deglacial) populations of N. pachyderma disappeared , whilst G. bulloides with a greater tolerance to higher temperatures persisted throughout the Holocene to the present day in the midlatitude North Atlantic. Single-specimen δ 18 O of polar N. pachyderma reveals a steeper rate of ocean warming during the last deglaciation than appears from conventional pooled δ 18 O average values. International audience

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    Climate of the Past (CP)
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
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      Climate of the Past
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
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    Silent gestures consist of complex multi-articulatory movements but are now primarily studied through categorical coding of the referential gesture content. The relation of categorical linguistic content with continuous kinematics is therefore poorly understood. Here, we reanalyzed the video data from a gestural evolution experiment (Motamedi, Schouwstra, Smith, Culbertson, & Kirby, 2019), which showed increases in the systematicity of gesture content over time. We applied computer vision techniques to quantify the kinematics of the original data. Our kinematic analyses demonstrated that gestures become more efficient and less complex in their kinematics over generations of learners. We further detect the systematicity of gesture form on the level of thegesture kinematic interrelations, which directly scales with the systematicity obtained on semantic coding of the gestures. Thus, from continuous kinematics alone, we can tap into linguistic aspects that were previously only approachable through categorical coding of meaning. Finally, going beyond issues of systematicity, we show how unique gesture kinematic dialects emerged over generations as isolated chains of participants gradually diverged over iterations from other chains. We, thereby, conclude that gestures can come to embody the linguistic system at the level of interrelationships between communicative tokens, which should calibrate our theories about form and linguistic content. Contains fulltext : 235980.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 29 p.

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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
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    Cognitive Science
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      https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
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    Authors: Wim Pouw; Jan de Wit; Sara Bögels; Marlou Rasenberg; +2 Authors

    Most manual communicative gestures that humans produce cannot be looked up in a dictionary, as these manual gestures inherit their meaning in large part from the communicative context and are not conventionalized. However, it is understudied to what extent the communicative signal as such - bodily postures in movement, or kinematics - can inform about gesture semantics. Can we construct, in principle, a distribution-based semantics of gesture kinematics, similar to how word vectorization methods in NLP (Natural language Processing) are now widely used to study semantic properties in text and speech? For such a project to get off the ground, we need to know the extent to which semantically similar gestures are more likely to be kinematically similar. In study 1 we assess whether semantic word2vec distances between the conveyed concepts participants were explicitly instructed to convey in silent gestures, relate to the kinematic distances of these gestures as obtained from Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). In a second director-matcher dyadic study we assess kinematic similarity between spontaneous co-speech gestures produced between interacting participants. Participants were asked before and after they interacted how they would name the objects. The semantic distances between the resulting names were related to the gesture kinematic distances of gestures that were made in the context of conveying those objects in the interaction. We find that the gestures' semantic relatedness is reliably predictive of kinematic relatedness across these highly divergent studies, which suggests that the development of an NLP method of deriving semantic relatedness from kinematics is a promising avenue for future developments in automated multimodal recognition. Deeper implications for statistical learning processes in multimodal language are discussed. HCII 2021: 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (July 24-29, 2021) Contains fulltext : 241806.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
    Preprint . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
      Preprint . 2021
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      Radboud Repository
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    Authors: Baatsen, Michiel; von der Heydt, Anna; Kliphuis, Michael; Oldeman, Arthur; +4 Authors

    We present the Utrecht contribution to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2), using the Community Earth System Model version 1.0.5 (CCSM4-Utr). Using a standard pre-industrial configuration and the enhanced PlioMIP2 set of boundary conditions, we perform a set of simulations at various levels of atmospheric pCO2 (280, 400, and 560 ppm). This allows us to make an assessment of the mid-Pliocene reference (Eoi400) climate versus available proxy records and a pre-industrial control (E280), as well as determine the sensitivity to different external forcing mechanisms. We find that our simulated Pliocene climate is considerably warmer than the pre-industrial reference, even under the same levels of atmospheric pCO2. Compared to the E280 case, our simulated Eoi400 climate is on average almost 5 ∘C warmer at the surface. Our Eoi400 case is among the warmest within the PlioMIP2 ensemble and only comparable to the results of models with a much higher climate sensitivity (i.e. CESM2, EC-Earth3.3, and HadGEM3). This is accompanied by a considerable polar amplification factor, increased globally averaged precipitation, and greatly reduced sea ice cover with respect to the pre-industrial reference. In addition to radiative feedbacks (mainly surface albedo, CO2, and water vapour), a major contribution to the enhanced Pliocene warmth in these simulations is the warm model initialisation followed by a long spin-up, as opposed to starting from pre-industrial or present-day conditions. Added warmth in the deep ocean is partly the result of using an altered vertical mixing parameterisation in the Pliocene simulations, but this has a negligible effect at the surface. We find a stronger and deeper Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the Eoi400 case, but the associated meridional heat transport is mostly unaffected. In addition to the mean state, we find significant shifts in the behaviour of the dominant modes of variability at annual to decadal timescales. The Eoi400 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude is greatly reduced (−68 %) versus the E280 one, while the AMOC becomes more variable. There is also a strong coupling between AMOC strength and North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Eoi400, while North Pacific SST anomalies seem to have a reduced global influence with respect to the E280 through the weakened ENSO.

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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: NARCIS
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
    Preprint . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2021
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: NARCIS
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Baatsen, Michiel; Von Der Heydt, Anna S.; Huber, Matthew; Kliphuis, Michael A.; +8 Authors

    The early and late Eocene have both been the subject of many modelling studies, but few have focused on the middle Eocene. The latter still holds many challenges for climate modellers but is also key to understanding the events leading towards the conditions needed for Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Here, we present the results of CMIP5-like coupled climate simulations using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1. Using a new detailed 38 Ma geography reconstruction and higher model resolution compared to most previous modelling studies and sufficiently long equilibration times, these simulations will help to further understand the middle to late Eocene climate. At realistic levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, the model is able to show overall good agreement with proxy records and capture the important aspects of a warm greenhouse climate during the Eocene. With a quadrupling of pre-industrial concentrations of both CO2 and CH4 (i.e. 1120 ppm and ∼2700 ppb, respectively, or 4 × PIC; pre-industrial carbon), sea surface temperatures correspond well to the available late middle Eocene (42–38 Ma; ∼ Bartonian) proxies. Being generally cooler, the simulated climate under 2 × PIC forcing is a good analogue for that of the late Eocene (38–34 Ma; ∼ Priabonian). Terrestrial temperature proxies, although their geographical coverage is sparse, also indicate that the results presented here are in agreement with the available information. Our simulated middle to late Eocene climate has a reduced Equator-to-pole temperature gradient and a more symmetric meridional heat distribution compared to the pre-industrial reference. The collective effects of geography, vegetation, and ice account for a global average 5–7 ∘C difference between pre-industrial and 38 Ma Eocene boundary conditions, with important contributions from cloud and water vapour feedbacks. This helps to explain Eocene warmth in general, without the need for greenhouse gas levels much higher than indicated by proxy estimates (i.e. ∼500–1200 ppm CO2) or low-latitude regions becoming unreasonably warm. High-latitude warmth supports the idea of mostly ice-free polar regions, even at 2 × PIC, with Antarctica experiencing particularly warm summers. An overall wet climate is seen in the simulated Eocene climate, which has a strongly monsoonal character. Equilibrium climate sensitivity is reduced (0.62 ∘C W−1 m2; 3.21 ∘C warming between 38 Ma 2 × PIC and 4 × PIC) compared to that of the present-day climate (0.80 ∘C W−1 m2; 3.17 ∘C per CO2 doubling). While the actual warming is similar, we see mainly a higher radiative forcing from the second PIC doubling. A more detailed analysis of energy fluxes shows that the regional radiative balance is mainly responsible for sustaining a low meridional temperature gradient in the Eocene climate, as well as the polar amplification seen towards even warmer conditions. These model results may be useful to reconsider the drivers of Eocene warmth and the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) but can also be a base for more detailed comparisons to future proxy estimates.

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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: NARCIS
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
    Preprint . 2020
    License: CC BY
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2020
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    Climate of the Past (CP); Climate of the Past
    Article . Preprint . 2020
    License: CC BY
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
      Preprint . 2020
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2020
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      Climate of the Past (CP); Climate of the Past
      Article . Preprint . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bouisaghouane, Anass; Kiselev, Arthemy V.;

    From the paper "Formality Conjecture" (Ascona 1996): "I am aware of only one such a class, it corresponds to simplest good graph, the complete graph with $4$ vertices $($and $6$ edges$)$. This class gives a remarkable vector field on the space of bi-vector fields on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. The evolution with respect to the time $t$ is described by the following non-linear partial differential equation: ..., where $\alpha=\sum_{i,j}\alpha_{ij} {\partial}/{\partial x_{i}}\wedge {\partial}/{\partial x_{j}}$ is a bi-vector field on $\mathbb{R}^d$. It follows from general properties of cohomology that $1)$ this evolution preserves the class of $($real-analytic$)$ Poisson structures}, ... In fact, I cheated a little bit. In the formula for the vector field on the space of bivector fields which one get from the tetrahedron graph, an additional term is present. ... It is possible to prove formally that if $\alpha$ is a Poisson bracket, i.e. if $[{\alpha,\alpha}]=0\in T^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$, then the additional term shown above vanishes." By using twelve Poisson structures with high-degree polynomial coefficients as explicit counterexamples, we show that both the above claims are false: neither does the first flow preserve the property of bi-vectors to be Poisson nor does the second flow vanish identically at Poisson bi-vectors. The counterexamples at hand suggest a correction to the formula for the "exotic" flow on the space of Poisson bi-vectors; in fact, this flow is encoded by the balanced sum involving both the Kontsevich tetrahedral graphs (that give rise to the flows mentioned above). We reveal that it is only the balance $1:6$ for which the flow does preserve the space of Poisson bi-vectors. Comment: Talks given in parallel by A.B. at GADEIS VIII workshop (12--16 June 2016, Larnaca, Cyprus) and A.K. at ISQS'24 conference (13--19 June 2016, CVUT Prague, Czech Republic), 10 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2016
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      Journal of Physics : Conference Series
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fadaee, M.; Bisazza, A.; Monz, C.; Barzilay, R.; +1 Authors

    The quality of a Neural Machine Translation system depends substantially on the availability of sizable parallel corpora. For low-resource language pairs this is not the case, resulting in poor translation quality. Inspired by work in computer vision, we propose a novel data augmentation approach that targets low-frequency words by generating new sentence pairs containing rare words in new, synthetically created contexts. Experimental results on simulated low-resource settings show that our method improves translation quality by up to 2.9 BLEU points over the baseline and up to 3.2 BLEU over back-translation. Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, Accepted at ACL 2017

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plonka, A.I.; Blom, N.A.; Fichtner, A.; Seismology; +1 Authors

    Density heterogeneities are the source of mass transport in the Earth. However, the 3-D density structure remains poorly constrained because travel times of seismic waves are only weakly sensitive to density. Inspired by recent developments in seismic waveform tomography, we investigate whether the visibility of 3-D density heterogeneities may be improved by inverting not only travel times of specific seismic phases but complete seismograms. As a first step in this direction, we perform numerical experiments to estimate the effect of 3-D crustal density heterogeneities on regional seismic wave propagation. While a finite number of numerical experiments may not capture the full range of possible scenarios, our results still indicate that realistic crustal density variations may lead to travel-time shifts of up to ∼ 1s and amplitude variations of several tens of percent over propagation distances of ∼ 1000km. Both amplitude and travel-time variations increase with increasing epicentral distance and increasing medium complexity, i.e. decreasing correlation length of the heterogeneities. They are practically negligible when the correlation length of the heterogeneities is much larger than the wavelength. However, when the correlation length approaches the wavelength, density-induced waveform perturbations become prominent. Recent regional-scale full-waveform inversions that resolve structure at the scale of a wavelength already reach this regime. Our numerical experiments suggest that waveform perturbations induced by realistic crustal density variations can be observed in high-quality regional seismic data. While density-induced travel-time differences will often be small, amplitude variations exceeding ±10% are comparable to those induced by 3-D velocity structure and attenuation. While these results certainly encourage more research on the development of 3-D density tomography, they also suggest that current full-waveform inversions that use amplitude information may be biased due to the neglect of 3-D variations in density. Solid Earth, 7 (6) ISSN:1869-9510 ISSN:1869-9529

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    Article . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/se-201...
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      Solid Earth (SE)
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    Authors: Tobias Winchen; A. Bonardi; Stijn Buitink; Arthur Corstanje; +13 Authors

    Cosmic particles hitting Earth's moon produce radio emission via the Askaryan effect. If the resulting radio ns-pulse can be detected by radio telescopes, this technique potentially increases the available collective area for ZeV scale particles by several orders of magnitude compared to current experiments. The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is the largest radio telescope operating in the optimum frequency regime for this technique. In this contribution, we report on the status of the implementation of the lunar detection mode at LOFAR. Comment: Proceedings of the 26th Extended European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS), Barnaul/Belokurikha, 2018

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Semantic representations have long been argued as potentially useful for enforcing meaning preservation and improving generalization performance of machine translation methods. In this work, we are the first to incorporate information about predicate-argument structure of source sentences (namely, semantic-role representations) into neural machine translation. We use Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to inject a semantic bias into sentence encoders and achieve improvements in BLEU scores over the linguistic-agnostic and syntax-aware versions on the English--German language pair.

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    Authors: G.-J. A. Brummer; G.-J. A. Brummer; B. Metcalfe; B. Metcalfe; +6 Authors

    Changeover from a glacial to an interglacial climate is considered as transitional between two stable modes. Palaeoceanographic reconstructions using the polar foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma highlight the retreat of the Polar Front during the last deglaciation in terms of both its decreasing abundance and stable oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O) in sediment cores. While conventional isotope analysis of pooled N. pachyderma and G. bulloides shells shows a warming trend concurrent with the retreating ice, new single-shell measurements reveal that this trend is composed of two isotopically different populations that are morphologically indistinguishable. Using modern time series as analogues for interpreting downcore data, glacial productivity in the mid-North Atlantic appears limited to a single maximum in late summer, followed by the melting of drifting icebergs and winter sea ice. Despite collapsing ice sheets and global warming during the deglaciation, a second "warm" population of N. pachyderma appears in a bimodal seasonal succession, separated by the subpolar G. bulloides. This represents a shift in the timing of the main plankton bloom from late to early summer in a "deglacial" intermediate mode that persisted from the glacial maximum until the start of the Holocene. When seawater temperatures exceeded the threshold values, first the "cold" (glacial) then the "warm" (deglacial) populations of N. pachyderma disappeared , whilst G. bulloides with a greater tolerance to higher temperatures persisted throughout the Holocene to the present day in the midlatitude North Atlantic. Single-specimen δ 18 O of polar N. pachyderma reveals a steeper rate of ocean warming during the last deglaciation than appears from conventional pooled δ 18 O average values. International audience

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    Climate of the Past (CP)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-201...
      Preprint . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2020
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    Silent gestures consist of complex multi-articulatory movements but are now primarily studied through categorical coding of the referential gesture content. The relation of categorical linguistic content with continuous kinematics is therefore poorly understood. Here, we reanalyzed the video data from a gestural evolution experiment (Motamedi, Schouwstra, Smith, Culbertson, & Kirby, 2019), which showed increases in the systematicity of gesture content over time. We applied computer vision techniques to quantify the kinematics of the original data. Our kinematic analyses demonstrated that gestures become more efficient and less complex in their kinematics over generations of learners. We further detect the systematicity of gesture form on the level of thegesture kinematic interrelations, which directly scales with the systematicity obtained on semantic coding of the gestures. Thus, from continuous kinematics alone, we can tap into linguistic aspects that were previously only approachable through categorical coding of meaning. Finally, going beyond issues of systematicity, we show how unique gesture kinematic dialects emerged over generations as isolated chains of participants gradually diverged over iterations from other chains. We, thereby, conclude that gestures can come to embody the linguistic system at the level of interrelationships between communicative tokens, which should calibrate our theories about form and linguistic content. Contains fulltext : 235980.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 29 p.

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    Article . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
    Preprint . 2020
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    Cognitive Science
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
      Preprint . 2020
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      Cognitive Science
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Wim Pouw; Jan de Wit; Sara Bögels; Marlou Rasenberg; +2 Authors

    Most manual communicative gestures that humans produce cannot be looked up in a dictionary, as these manual gestures inherit their meaning in large part from the communicative context and are not conventionalized. However, it is understudied to what extent the communicative signal as such - bodily postures in movement, or kinematics - can inform about gesture semantics. Can we construct, in principle, a distribution-based semantics of gesture kinematics, similar to how word vectorization methods in NLP (Natural language Processing) are now widely used to study semantic properties in text and speech? For such a project to get off the ground, we need to know the extent to which semantically similar gestures are more likely to be kinematically similar. In study 1 we assess whether semantic word2vec distances between the conveyed concepts participants were explicitly instructed to convey in silent gestures, relate to the kinematic distances of these gestures as obtained from Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). In a second director-matcher dyadic study we assess kinematic similarity between spontaneous co-speech gestures produced between interacting participants. Participants were asked before and after they interacted how they would name the objects. The semantic distances between the resulting names were related to the gesture kinematic distances of gestures that were made in the context of conveying those objects in the interaction. We find that the gestures' semantic relatedness is reliably predictive of kinematic relatedness across these highly divergent studies, which suggests that the development of an NLP method of deriving semantic relatedness from kinematics is a promising avenue for future developments in automated multimodal recognition. Deeper implications for statistical learning processes in multimodal language are discussed. HCII 2021: 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (July 24-29, 2021) Contains fulltext : 241806.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
    Preprint . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
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    Authors: Baatsen, Michiel; von der Heydt, Anna; Kliphuis, Michael; Oldeman, Arthur; +4 Authors

    We present the Utrecht contribution to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2), using the Community Earth System Model version 1.0.5 (CCSM4-Utr). Using a standard pre-industrial configuration and the enhanced PlioMIP2 set of boundary conditions, we perform a set of simulations at various levels of atmospheric pCO2 (280, 400, and 560 ppm). This allows us to make an assessment of the mid-Pliocene reference (Eoi400) climate versus available proxy records and a pre-industrial control (E280), as well as determine the sensitivity to different external forcing mechanisms. We find that our simulated Pliocene climate is considerably warmer than the pre-industrial reference, even under the same levels of atmospheric pCO2. Compared to the E280 case, our simulated Eoi400 climate is on average almost 5 ∘C warmer at the surface. Our Eoi400 case is among the warmest within the PlioMIP2 ensemble and only comparable to the results of models with a much higher climate sensitivity (i.e. CESM2, EC-Earth3.3, and HadGEM3). This is accompanied by a considerable polar amplification factor, increased globally averaged precipitation, and greatly reduced sea ice cover with respect to the pre-industrial reference. In addition to radiative feedbacks (mainly surface albedo, CO2, and water vapour), a major contribution to the enhanced Pliocene warmth in these simulations is the warm model initialisation followed by a long spin-up, as opposed to starting from pre-industrial or present-day conditions. Added warmth in the deep ocean is partly the result of using an altered vertical mixing parameterisation in the Pliocene simulations, but this has a negligible effect at the surface. We find a stronger and deeper Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the Eoi400 case, but the associated meridional heat transport is mostly unaffected. In addition to the mean state, we find significant shifts in the behaviour of the dominant modes of variability at annual to decadal timescales. The Eoi400 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude is greatly reduced (−68 %) versus the E280 one, while the AMOC becomes more variable. There is also a strong coupling between AMOC strength and North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Eoi400, while North Pacific SST anomalies seem to have a reduced global influence with respect to the E280 through the weakened ENSO.

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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2022
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
    Preprint . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2022
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2021
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      Climate of the Past
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
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      Climate of the Past
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
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    Authors: Baatsen, Michiel; Von Der Heydt, Anna S.; Huber, Matthew; Kliphuis, Michael A.; +8 Authors

    The early and late Eocene have both been the subject of many modelling studies, but few have focused on the middle Eocene. The latter still holds many challenges for climate modellers but is also key to understanding the events leading towards the conditions needed for Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Here, we present the results of CMIP5-like coupled climate simulations using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1. Using a new detailed 38 Ma geography reconstruction and higher model resolution compared to most previous modelling studies and sufficiently long equilibration times, these simulations will help to further understand the middle to late Eocene climate. At realistic levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, the model is able to show overall good agreement with proxy records and capture the important aspects of a warm greenhouse climate during the Eocene. With a quadrupling of pre-industrial concentrations of both CO2 and CH4 (i.e. 1120 ppm and ∼2700 ppb, respectively, or 4 × PIC; pre-industrial carbon), sea surface temperatures correspond well to the available late middle Eocene (42–38 Ma; ∼ Bartonian) proxies. Being generally cooler, the simulated climate under 2 × PIC forcing is a good analogue for that of the late Eocene (38–34 Ma; ∼ Priabonian). Terrestrial temperature proxies, although their geographical coverage is sparse, also indicate that the results presented here are in agreement with the available information. Our simulated middle to late Eocene climate has a reduced Equator-to-pole temperature gradient and a more symmetric meridional heat distribution compared to the pre-industrial reference. The collective effects of geography, vegetation, and ice account for a global average 5–7 ∘C difference between pre-industrial and 38 Ma Eocene boundary conditions, with important contributions from cloud and water vapour feedbacks. This helps to explain Eocene warmth in general, without the need for greenhouse gas levels much higher than indicated by proxy estimates (i.e. ∼500–1200 ppm CO2) or low-latitude regions becoming unreasonably warm. High-latitude warmth supports the idea of mostly ice-free polar regions, even at 2 × PIC, with Antarctica experiencing particularly warm summers. An overall wet climate is seen in the simulated Eocene climate, which has a strongly monsoonal character. Equilibrium climate sensitivity is reduced (0.62 ∘C W−1 m2; 3.21 ∘C warming between 38 Ma 2 × PIC and 4 × PIC) compared to that of the present-day climate (0.80 ∘C W−1 m2; 3.17 ∘C per CO2 doubling). While the actual warming is similar, we see mainly a higher radiative forcing from the second PIC doubling. A more detailed analysis of energy fluxes shows that the regional radiative balance is mainly responsible for sustaining a low meridional temperature gradient in the Eocene climate, as well as the polar amplification seen towards even warmer conditions. These model results may be useful to reconsider the drivers of Eocene warmth and the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) but can also be a base for more detailed comparisons to future proxy estimates.

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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2020
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2020
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    Climate of the Past (CP); Climate of the Past
    Article . Preprint . 2020
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-202...
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2020
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      Climate of the Past (CP); Climate of the Past
      Article . Preprint . 2020
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    Authors: Bouisaghouane, Anass; Kiselev, Arthemy V.;

    From the paper "Formality Conjecture" (Ascona 1996): "I am aware of only one such a class, it corresponds to simplest good graph, the complete graph with $4$ vertices $($and $6$ edges$)$. This class gives a remarkable vector field on the space of bi-vector fields on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. The evolution with respect to the time $t$ is described by the following non-linear partial differential equation: ..., where $\alpha=\sum_{i,j}\alpha_{ij} {\partial}/{\partial x_{i}}\wedge {\partial}/{\partial x_{j}}$ is a bi-vector field on $\mathbb{R}^d$. It follows from general properties of cohomology that $1)$ this evolution preserves the class of $($real-analytic$)$ Poisson structures}, ... In fact, I cheated a little bit. In the formula for the vector field on the space of bivector fields which one get from the tetrahedron graph, an additional term is present. ... It is possible to prove formally that if $\alpha$ is a Poisson bracket, i.e. if $[{\alpha,\alpha}]=0\in T^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$, then the additional term shown above vanishes." By using twelve Poisson structures with high-degree polynomial coefficients as explicit counterexamples, we show that both the above claims are false: neither does the first flow preserve the property of bi-vectors to be Poisson nor does the second flow vanish identically at Poisson bi-vectors. The counterexamples at hand suggest a correction to the formula for the "exotic" flow on the space of Poisson bi-vectors; in fact, this flow is encoded by the balanced sum involving both the Kontsevich tetrahedral graphs (that give rise to the flows mentioned above). We reveal that it is only the balance $1:6$ for which the flow does preserve the space of Poisson bi-vectors. Comment: Talks given in parallel by A.B. at GADEIS VIII workshop (12--16 June 2016, Larnaca, Cyprus) and A.K. at ISQS'24 conference (13--19 June 2016, CVUT Prague, Czech Republic), 10 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2016
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    Authors: Fadaee, M.; Bisazza, A.; Monz, C.; Barzilay, R.; +1 Authors

    The quality of a Neural Machine Translation system depends substantially on the availability of sizable parallel corpora. For low-resource language pairs this is not the case, resulting in poor translation quality. Inspired by work in computer vision, we propose a novel data augmentation approach that targets low-frequency words by generating new sentence pairs containing rare words in new, synthetically created contexts. Experimental results on simulated low-resource settings show that our method improves translation quality by up to 2.9 BLEU points over the baseline and up to 3.2 BLEU over back-translation. Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, Accepted at ACL 2017

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      NARCIS
      Conference object . 2017
      Data sources: NARCIS
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://www.aclweb.org/antholo...
      Conference object
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2017
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
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