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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Smith, MK; Moodie, SL; Bizzotto, R; E, Blaudez.; +33 Authors

    Recent work on Model Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) has noted the need for clarity in model description used in quantitative disciplines such as pharmacology and statistics. 1-3 Currently, models are encoded in a variety of computer languages and are shared through publications that rarely include original code and generally lack reproducibility. The DDMoRe Model Description Language (MDL) has been developed primarily as a language standard to facilitate sharing knowledge and understanding of models.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gemma Tidman;

    This article offers a new reading of Diderot’s Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville in the light of its titular term, ‘supplément’. Specifically, it examines the significance of the ‘supplement to the Supplément’ which Diderot added some eight years after the work was ostensibly completed: Benjamin Franklin’s Speech of Miss Polly Baker. The addition of the Speech highlights a central lesson of the Supplément: namely, that the only way to understand texts in Diderot’s encyclopaedic age, in which knowledge was constantly shifting, is through a ‘supplemental’ practice of reading. According to this approach, texts must be intra- and intertextually cross-referenced — as famously encouraged by the renvois in the Encyclopédie. Polly helps Diderot to flag a key intertext to the Supplément, on which he also worked, and in which Polly’s Speech also figured: the Abbé Raynal’s Histoire des deux Indes. Through a close reading that works with notions of the ‘supplement’ and the ‘supplement of a supplement’, as advanced by both Derrida and the Encyclopédie, this article argues that as Franklin’s Speech disrupts Diderot’s original Supplément it simultaneously adds new meaning to the work, and clarifies what was always, implicitly, there. These actions of disruption and addition elucidate some of the text’s most perplexing claims.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ French Studiesarrow_drop_down
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    French Studies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ French Studiesarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      French Studies
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vasudevan, A;

    At the heart of this paper is a detailed reconstruction of the relatively unknown history of illegal occupation in East Berlin otherwise known as Schwarzwohnen. Schwarzwohnen was not a marginal phenomenon but involved thousands of citizens in the 1970s and 1980s in East Berlin and other major cities including Halle, Dresden, Leipzig, Potsdam, Erfurt and Jena. The paper follows the everyday practices adopted by so-called squatters in East Berlin. It places particular emphasis on the relationship between Schwarzwohnen and the articulation of alternative forms of dwelling and occupation that challenged official state priorities. To do so, it argues that the rise of Schwarzwohnen was part of a growing body of informal practices used by citizens in the GDR in response to housing insecurity and scarcity. These were efforts that highlighted the various ways in which citizens took control of their own housing needs outside the official housing system. They also anticipated the development of the oppositional cultures and infrastructures that erupted in the Eastern half of the city in the winter of 1989. At stake here, is an approach to housing insecurity that challenges our understanding of the socialist city and its (largely) peripheral place within urban theory.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oxford University Re...arrow_drop_down
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    Urban Geography
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    Urban Geography
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oxford University Re...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Urban Geography
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      Urban Geography
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Raijmakers, L;

    Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria is a human infecting blood parasite distributed widely across both tropical and temperate regions. In order to increase the understanding of past dynamics influencing its current distribution, this thesis explores its origins, spread and evolutionary past through diversity and evolution of the mitochondrial genome. Exploring several different factors that would have affected its dispersal, including mosquito vector species and geographic distance, the main focus of Chapter 2 is on understanding when and with which past human migrations it spread across the continents of the Eastern Hemisphere. A special emphasis on the Melanesian region is included in Chapter 3, which shows considerable diversity in human populations and cultures, and has high incidence of all four species of human infecting malarias (P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale). Although previous publications indicated an especially high level of diversity in Pv mitochondrial genomes in Melanesia; in this study it is shown to be a sampling artefact due to denser sampling. In both chapters a novel cross-disciplinary data comparison is undertaken, matching Pv mitochondrial genome phylogeny and population genetics with modern human mitochondrial genome data, human and hominid archaeological data, archaeological data from human commensal species and phylogenetic data from human associated diseases. Results indicate that not only the current Melanesian Pv but also the Pv strains found across the Asian continent to the east of India were likely introduced by the first wave of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to leave Africa. The strong patterning seen across this eastern region has ostensibly been shaped not only by relatively stable human populations for the last several thousand years, but is also associated with a strong regional heterogeneity of mosquito vector species and clades. In contrast, the present study confirms previously observed homology in Pv mitochondrial genetics from India to the west. Presumably the homology is due to increased human population movement and contact between the western regions, as well as greater overlap in mosquito vector species across the region, as shown in this study. Even so, with the addition of data from new sites across the western half of the Eastern Hemisphere, including samples from central and western Asia, there is a detection of low levels of population diversity. Lastly, Chapter 4 gives an overview of the applications of different genetic markers used in malaria research over time, reviewing the continued value of using mitochondrial DNA, on its own and in combination with other available genetic data – in an age of whole genome sequencing.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oxford University Re...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oxford University Re...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Watson, A;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Islamic S...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Islamic S...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Basnyat, B;

    In the past 5 years, The Lancet Global Health has reported seminal Articles about typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, and antimicrobial resistance. This Comment will address these common problems in a different perspective over a longer time frame in south Asia. Typhoid and typhus fevers are the first two chapters in William Osler’s The Principles and Practice of Medicine, published in 1892.1 It is disheartening that well over a century later, south Asia continues to have a large burden of these diseases, despite antibiotics. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance—including antibiotic-resistant typhoid fever—is on the increase. For example, extensive drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan’s Sindh province has been documented since November, 2016.2 The H58 strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, which is ubiquitous in south Asia, became extensively drug resistant by acquiring a so-called highly promiscuous DNA molecule (ie, a plasmid) from another common bacterium such as Escherichia coli. It will be no surprise if the extensively drug-resistant typhoid organism (which currently responds to only azithromycin and not ceftriaxone among the commonly used, effective typhoid drugs) spreads to other parts of Pakistan, or indeed the rest of the subcontinent, making treatment of this common disease daunting.

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    The Lancet Global Health
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    The Lancet Global Health
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      The Lancet Global Health
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      The Lancet Global Health
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    Authors: Quembo, C;

    In 1983, the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) adopted Operation Production (OP), aiming, at least in discourse, at transforming the “unproductive people” deemed to be the cause of urban chaos into “productive people”, largely through agriculture in rural Mozambique. At its end in 1988, between 40,000 to 100, 000 people had been sent to rural Mozambique. Based on the analysis of the Frelimo leadership’s ideology and values, triangulated with oral stories of those subject to OP, information from the local and international press, in-depth interviews with members of the Frelimo leadership, mid-low-level state officials, Mozambican National Resistance (Renamo) members, workers from state companies, and observation from the field, this thesis tells the story of the making, implementation and end of OP through a retrospective analysis. It starts with a discussion of the colonial-period ideological construction that led to its urban management model. Then, it explores the trajectory of the Frelimo leadership, the origin of their ideas before tackling the ways in which this past shaped Frelimo’s imaginary of urban order that led to OP. The thesis then explores the relationship between ideology, imaginary and policy choice, and its implementation. Finally, it addresses the ways in which OP ended. I argue that the Frelimo leadership’s ideas, values and imaginary, shaped by their experience of colonial order, by their military experience during the liberation struggle, and by the socio-economic and political context of the 1970s and the 1980s, was decisive in the making and implementation of OP. It resulted from the Frelimo leadership’s ideology and imaginary, framed in their discourse, associated with the context of economic crisis and war of the late 1970s and the 1980s. More than increased production, emphasized in discourse, the main goal of OP was to achieve Frelimo’s urban order (the “socialist city”), which was inspired by the historical trajectory of its leadership. The way OP ended, against the Frelimo leadership’s wishes, reveals the limitation of ideology and values to maintain policy. The thesis demonstrates the importance of understanding the social and historical origins of the Frelimo leadership, their experiences and history, their ideological predisposition, and the context in which they constructed and used discourse to disentangle African politics, particularly in a highly centralized and ambitious party-state with no strong bourgeoisie or independent state bureaucracy, such as “socialist” Mozambique. The Frelimo leadership had their own perception of urban development, which can be explained through a retrospective and contextualized analysis of their discourse.

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    Oxford University Research Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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      Oxford University Research Archive
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
      License: CC BY NC
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    Authors: A'Hearn, B; Komlos, J;

    Bodenhom, Guinnane, and Mroz (2017) are critical of anthropometric research using based on non-random samples. Declining height trends in military and prison data, they argue, are artifacts of negative selection during favorable labor market conditions. We study height trends in the United States in the antebellum decades, which coincided with the onset of modem economic growth. We find that neither the historical evidence nor their own statistical analysis support their views. The decline in physical stature in the decades before the Civil War was real, as Zimran (2019) has also shown.

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    The Journal of Economic History; Oxford University Research Archive
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Cambridge Core User Agreement
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      The Journal of Economic History; Oxford University Research Archive
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Reid, R;

    Abstract This paper seeks to position the Scramble for Africa in the context of the continent’s transformative, global nineteenth century. While imperial historiography develops apace, Africa-facing analyses of the continent’s partition and the processes which led to it are increasingly rare. European expansion into Africa was characterized by an aggressive dynamism, and millions of Africans experienced profound crisis in the process of the establishment of colonial rule. Yet Africa’s revolutionary nineteenth century was both driven by, and culminated in, complex processes of co-option on the part of Africans and Europeans. The paper proposes that a more Africa-centered assessment of the Scramble is possible, one which aims to contextualize the partition of the continent as part of an ongoing, endogenously shaped but often exogenously connected, transformation in political, economic, and social organization and behavior. While no single overarching theory can apply to the entire continent, it is possible to identify dynamics and processes for change that recur across Africa, from political and military reform to economic innovation. These point toward possibilities for reframing Africa’s development in the late precolonial period, and enable us to challenge the hegemony long enjoyed by scholars of European empires.

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    Oxford University Research Archive; The American Historical Review
    Article . 2021 . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
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      Oxford University Research Archive; The American Historical Review
      Article . 2021 . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Graham, A;

    This article examines the links between slavery, the state and society in Jamaica between 1754 and 1839, using a new data-set to establish levels of taxation and spending between these dates. It argues that these levels were higher than has generally been accepted, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of the population and the economy, and that fiscal and military state structures were backed up by a sophisticated and effective system of public credit (from 1786) and paper money (from 1821). This all enabled the island to make an important but underrated contribution to British imperial power in the region in this period. Examining the nature of spending and taxation demonstrates, however, that they were accepted by local white elites because they went with the grain of ‘creole society’ in the island and served their priorities, in particular the management of the enslaved population. This proved effective until the early nineteenth century, when the economic burden grew so excessive that planters were unable to resist pressures for emancipation, suggesting that even failed slave revolts eventually helped to undermine the viability of the slave society in the West Indies.

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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Smith, MK; Moodie, SL; Bizzotto, R; E, Blaudez.; +33 Authors

    Recent work on Model Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) has noted the need for clarity in model description used in quantitative disciplines such as pharmacology and statistics. 1-3 Currently, models are encoded in a variety of computer languages and are shared through publications that rarely include original code and generally lack reproducibility. The DDMoRe Model Description Language (MDL) has been developed primarily as a language standard to facilitate sharing knowledge and understanding of models.

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    CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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    Authors: Gemma Tidman;

    This article offers a new reading of Diderot’s Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville in the light of its titular term, ‘supplément’. Specifically, it examines the significance of the ‘supplement to the Supplément’ which Diderot added some eight years after the work was ostensibly completed: Benjamin Franklin’s Speech of Miss Polly Baker. The addition of the Speech highlights a central lesson of the Supplément: namely, that the only way to understand texts in Diderot’s encyclopaedic age, in which knowledge was constantly shifting, is through a ‘supplemental’ practice of reading. According to this approach, texts must be intra- and intertextually cross-referenced — as famously encouraged by the renvois in the Encyclopédie. Polly helps Diderot to flag a key intertext to the Supplément, on which he also worked, and in which Polly’s Speech also figured: the Abbé Raynal’s Histoire des deux Indes. Through a close reading that works with notions of the ‘supplement’ and the ‘supplement of a supplement’, as advanced by both Derrida and the Encyclopédie, this article argues that as Franklin’s Speech disrupts Diderot’s original Supplément it simultaneously adds new meaning to the work, and clarifies what was always, implicitly, there. These actions of disruption and addition elucidate some of the text’s most perplexing claims.

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    French Studies
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    French Studies
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      French Studies
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      French Studies
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    Authors: Vasudevan, A;

    At the heart of this paper is a detailed reconstruction of the relatively unknown history of illegal occupation in East Berlin otherwise known as Schwarzwohnen. Schwarzwohnen was not a marginal phenomenon but involved thousands of citizens in the 1970s and 1980s in East Berlin and other major cities including Halle, Dresden, Leipzig, Potsdam, Erfurt and Jena. The paper follows the everyday practices adopted by so-called squatters in East Berlin. It places particular emphasis on the relationship between Schwarzwohnen and the articulation of alternative forms of dwelling and occupation that challenged official state priorities. To do so, it argues that the rise of Schwarzwohnen was part of a growing body of informal practices used by citizens in the GDR in response to housing insecurity and scarcity. These were efforts that highlighted the various ways in which citizens took control of their own housing needs outside the official housing system. They also anticipated the development of the oppositional cultures and infrastructures that erupted in the Eastern half of the city in the winter of 1989. At stake here, is an approach to housing insecurity that challenges our understanding of the socialist city and its (largely) peripheral place within urban theory.

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    Urban Geography
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    Urban Geography
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      Urban Geography
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      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Raijmakers, L;

    Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria is a human infecting blood parasite distributed widely across both tropical and temperate regions. In order to increase the understanding of past dynamics influencing its current distribution, this thesis explores its origins, spread and evolutionary past through diversity and evolution of the mitochondrial genome. Exploring several different factors that would have affected its dispersal, including mosquito vector species and geographic distance, the main focus of Chapter 2 is on understanding when and with which past human migrations it spread across the continents of the Eastern Hemisphere. A special emphasis on the Melanesian region is included in Chapter 3, which shows considerable diversity in human populations and cultures, and has high incidence of all four species of human infecting malarias (P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale). Although previous publications indicated an especially high level of diversity in Pv mitochondrial genomes in Melanesia; in this study it is shown to be a sampling artefact due to denser sampling. In both chapters a novel cross-disciplinary data comparison is undertaken, matching Pv mitochondrial genome phylogeny and population genetics with modern human mitochondrial genome data, human and hominid archaeological data, archaeological data from human commensal species and phylogenetic data from human associated diseases. Results indicate that not only the current Melanesian Pv but also the Pv strains found across the Asian continent to the east of India were likely introduced by the first wave of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to leave Africa. The strong patterning seen across this eastern region has ostensibly been shaped not only by relatively stable human populations for the last several thousand years, but is also associated with a strong regional heterogeneity of mosquito vector species and clades. In contrast, the present study confirms previously observed homology in Pv mitochondrial genetics from India to the west. Presumably the homology is due to increased human population movement and contact between the western regions, as well as greater overlap in mosquito vector species across the region, as shown in this study. Even so, with the addition of data from new sites across the western half of the Eastern Hemisphere, including samples from central and western Asia, there is a detection of low levels of population diversity. Lastly, Chapter 4 gives an overview of the applications of different genetic markers used in malaria research over time, reviewing the continued value of using mitochondrial DNA, on its own and in combination with other available genetic data – in an age of whole genome sequencing.

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    Authors: Watson, A;
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    Authors: Basnyat, B;

    In the past 5 years, The Lancet Global Health has reported seminal Articles about typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, and antimicrobial resistance. This Comment will address these common problems in a different perspective over a longer time frame in south Asia. Typhoid and typhus fevers are the first two chapters in William Osler’s The Principles and Practice of Medicine, published in 1892.1 It is disheartening that well over a century later, south Asia continues to have a large burden of these diseases, despite antibiotics. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance—including antibiotic-resistant typhoid fever—is on the increase. For example, extensive drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan’s Sindh province has been documented since November, 2016.2 The H58 strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, which is ubiquitous in south Asia, became extensively drug resistant by acquiring a so-called highly promiscuous DNA molecule (ie, a plasmid) from another common bacterium such as Escherichia coli. It will be no surprise if the extensively drug-resistant typhoid organism (which currently responds to only azithromycin and not ceftriaxone among the commonly used, effective typhoid drugs) spreads to other parts of Pakistan, or indeed the rest of the subcontinent, making treatment of this common disease daunting.

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    The Lancet Global Health
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Global Health
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      The Lancet Global Health
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet Global Health
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    Authors: Quembo, C;

    In 1983, the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) adopted Operation Production (OP), aiming, at least in discourse, at transforming the “unproductive people” deemed to be the cause of urban chaos into “productive people”, largely through agriculture in rural Mozambique. At its end in 1988, between 40,000 to 100, 000 people had been sent to rural Mozambique. Based on the analysis of the Frelimo leadership’s ideology and values, triangulated with oral stories of those subject to OP, information from the local and international press, in-depth interviews with members of the Frelimo leadership, mid-low-level state officials, Mozambican National Resistance (Renamo) members, workers from state companies, and observation from the field, this thesis tells the story of the making, implementation and end of OP through a retrospective analysis. It starts with a discussion of the colonial-period ideological construction that led to its urban management model. Then, it explores the trajectory of the Frelimo leadership, the origin of their ideas before tackling the ways in which this past shaped Frelimo’s imaginary of urban order that led to OP. The thesis then explores the relationship between ideology, imaginary and policy choice, and its implementation. Finally, it addresses the ways in which OP ended. I argue that the Frelimo leadership’s ideas, values and imaginary, shaped by their experience of colonial order, by their military experience during the liberation struggle, and by the socio-economic and political context of the 1970s and the 1980s, was decisive in the making and implementation of OP. It resulted from the Frelimo leadership’s ideology and imaginary, framed in their discourse, associated with the context of economic crisis and war of the late 1970s and the 1980s. More than increased production, emphasized in discourse, the main goal of OP was to achieve Frelimo’s urban order (the “socialist city”), which was inspired by the historical trajectory of its leadership. The way OP ended, against the Frelimo leadership’s wishes, reveals the limitation of ideology and values to maintain policy. The thesis demonstrates the importance of understanding the social and historical origins of the Frelimo leadership, their experiences and history, their ideological predisposition, and the context in which they constructed and used discourse to disentangle African politics, particularly in a highly centralized and ambitious party-state with no strong bourgeoisie or independent state bureaucracy, such as “socialist” Mozambique. The Frelimo leadership had their own perception of urban development, which can be explained through a retrospective and contextualized analysis of their discourse.

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    Oxford University Research Archive
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
    License: CC BY NC
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      Oxford University Research Archive
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: A'Hearn, B; Komlos, J;

    Bodenhom, Guinnane, and Mroz (2017) are critical of anthropometric research using based on non-random samples. Declining height trends in military and prison data, they argue, are artifacts of negative selection during favorable labor market conditions. We study height trends in the United States in the antebellum decades, which coincided with the onset of modem economic growth. We find that neither the historical evidence nor their own statistical analysis support their views. The decline in physical stature in the decades before the Civil War was real, as Zimran (2019) has also shown.

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    The Journal of Economic History; Oxford University Research Archive
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Journal of Economic History; Oxford University Research Archive
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Reid, R;

    Abstract This paper seeks to position the Scramble for Africa in the context of the continent’s transformative, global nineteenth century. While imperial historiography develops apace, Africa-facing analyses of the continent’s partition and the processes which led to it are increasingly rare. European expansion into Africa was characterized by an aggressive dynamism, and millions of Africans experienced profound crisis in the process of the establishment of colonial rule. Yet Africa’s revolutionary nineteenth century was both driven by, and culminated in, complex processes of co-option on the part of Africans and Europeans. The paper proposes that a more Africa-centered assessment of the Scramble is possible, one which aims to contextualize the partition of the continent as part of an ongoing, endogenously shaped but often exogenously connected, transformation in political, economic, and social organization and behavior. While no single overarching theory can apply to the entire continent, it is possible to identify dynamics and processes for change that recur across Africa, from political and military reform to economic innovation. These point toward possibilities for reframing Africa’s development in the late precolonial period, and enable us to challenge the hegemony long enjoyed by scholars of European empires.

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    Oxford University Research Archive; The American Historical Review
    Article . 2021 . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Oxford University Research Archive; The American Historical Review
      Article . 2021 . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Graham, A;

    This article examines the links between slavery, the state and society in Jamaica between 1754 and 1839, using a new data-set to establish levels of taxation and spending between these dates. It argues that these levels were higher than has generally been accepted, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of the population and the economy, and that fiscal and military state structures were backed up by a sophisticated and effective system of public credit (from 1786) and paper money (from 1821). This all enabled the island to make an important but underrated contribution to British imperial power in the region in this period. Examining the nature of spending and taxation demonstrates, however, that they were accepted by local white elites because they went with the grain of ‘creole society’ in the island and served their priorities, in particular the management of the enslaved population. This proved effective until the early nineteenth century, when the economic burden grew so excessive that planters were unable to resist pressures for emancipation, suggesting that even failed slave revolts eventually helped to undermine the viability of the slave society in the West Indies.

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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: UCL Discovery
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