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The article provides information about the events of the historical past, works dedicated to historical figures living in the recent or distant past, portrait compositions, works of Uzbek portrait painters. You can find information about some of the works from the historical past in world literature.

The article deals with the analysis of English toponymic phraseological units in the context of their reflection of the picture of the world of the English-speaking society. Its relevance is due to the need to study the cultural factor in the language in the framework of linguistic research. However, toponymic phraseological units are extremely rarely studied, despite the fact that it is the toponym, which is part of the phraseological turnover, that is the linguistic sign that transmits information about the history, traditions, values of the culture of the people to future generations.

This academic article aims to 1) study the history of the national marching band contest; 2) the development of the national marching band contest. The results showed that National Marching Band Contest has been held from 1982 until the present. The contest in the early age from 1982 to 1993 is divided into three categories: Category A, Men, Category B, Men and Women, Category C, Women. The winning marching band will receive a royal trophy. In addition, the marching band has to play three songs at the Supachalasai Stadium: royal song (Rama IX), Thai Thao song or Prelude song, and a selected song according to preference, continuing with the march music: sports ground music, and Thai Military Bank (TMB) song which is a compulsory one. The marching band contest has been developed because the contest management activity is an important factor in the development of standards for marching bands to grow rapidly at the national level from an early age to the present.

India has the second-largest tribal population after Africa. Most of them are greatly dependent on forests and their produce for their livelihood. Indian Forest Act of 1865 was the first attempt of colonial govt. to assert a monopoly right over forest resources. By the act of 1878, the customary rights of the villagers were denied. In the post-colonial period, the national forest policy of 1952 also asserted the monopoly of the state over the forest in the new brand ‘national interest'. There is a sharp rise in the production of industrial and fuelwood. The blind acceptance of the colonial policy of practice of monoculture and denial of customary rights to the forest dwellers destroys the ecological balance, and make them ecological refugee. There is a shift of policy towards commercial interest and export-oriented forest management. But this strategy shift is invariably against the interest of the tribal community who inhabit forest areas. There is growing use of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) for different purposes but the profits are reaped by processing industries while collectors of MFP would get wages at subsistence level. The loss of control over resources often compels the tribe to use the forest in an unsustainable Fashion leading to an alienation of man and forest. This paper spotlights how do the exogenous changes in different forested areas badly hamper allocation of food, fuel, fodder, medicine and even ritual rights of the tribal community and their relation with the forest.

During the years of independence, an objective study of the history of Uzbekistan, a fair assessment of the ancient and rich history of the Uzbek people has become a priority. In the shadow of independence, which marked a turning point in the life and destiny of the Uzbek people, science, in particular, the science of history, which is the basis of national identity and spiritual growth, has developed in its own way. In the objective coverage of the history of Uzbekistan, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. As M. Mirziyoyev said in his book "Together we will build a free and prosperous, democratic state of Uzbekistan", we count. "For the first time in recent years, the science of history, which is an integral part of spirituality, has begun to fulfill its legitimate function - to serve the identity of the people.

Bandar menjadi tempat vital sebagai pintu gerbang masuknya para pedagang dari bangsa lain dan juga lokal untuk melakukan aktivitas perdagangan sekaligus transfer pengetahuan. Di dalam karya sastra sejarah Arus Balik, Pramoedya Ananta Toer menggambarkan secara apik bagaimana peran bandar-bandar yang tidak saja sekaligus sebagai tempat aktivitas perdagangan tetapi juga menjadi tempat terjadinya peristiwa-peristiwa penting yang tercatat oleh sejarah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan peran bandar-bandar sebagai bagian dari konektivitas jalur rempah dan dinamika sosial yang terjadinya pada periode 1510-1530. Permasalahan yang diangkat pada penelitian ini antara lain, bagaimana penggambaran jalur serta praktik perdagangan rempah, peran dan penggambaran bandar, dan dinamika sosial yang berkembang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah thick description yang berfokus pada interpretasi peristiwa di dalam karya dengan mempertimbangkan unsur kontekstualnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sembilan bandar yang menjadi sentra pelayaran, perdagangan dan pendistribusian rempah, yaitu bandar Malaka, Kota Tuban, Banten, Jepara, Gresik, Lao Sam, Sunda Kelapa, dan Maluku yang menjadi sorotan utama. Bandar tersebit menunjukkan peran dan fungsinya yang berbeda-beda serta beragam peristiwa sejarah, utamanya aliansi armada kerajaan Nusantara. Kesimpulannya adalah bandar sebagai jantung dari konektivitas jalur rempah memainkan fungsi dan peran sosialnya sebagai sarana menguatkan, menstabilkan, sekaligus mempertahankan kepentingan kolektif dan internal masing-masing kerajaan.

This remote classroom action research (CAR) was conducted to improve learning outcomes through CloudX, an application media. The subjects of this study were high school students, XII IPS-3 SMA Negeri 2 Tarakan. They are 33 students, consisting of 12 male students and 21 female students. It was chosen since the students are solid and easy to cooperate. There are many problems in it, but the students are generally more responsive to the teacher. This classroom action research was conducted in two cycles with three teaching meetings in each. Both is designed to improve their learning outcomes using the CloudX. The results of the research prove that through the media can improve the students' learning outcomes, as evidenced by the data in each aspect of observation. The action imlemented has been proved to have a good impact on the learning process. In the learning outcomes aspect, first cycle of meeting 1 showed 63.6% while in the second cycle of meeting 6 it increased to 90.9%% even though there were still 3 students or 9.1% had not achieved minimum completeness and 1 person was never present from the beginning research until the research is completed. Thus, the students who have not completed will be given remedial in a separate meeting in Google Classroom so as to achieve completeness in learning. Thus, learning using the CloudX has been proved to increase the student learning outcomes. It is recommended for teachers to use the CloudX Application in online learning.

Gambir merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor terpenting dari Kepulauan Riau pada masa kolonial Belanda. Namun, dalam perkembangannya, gambir seakan menghilang dan hanya tersisa di Kabupaten Lingga dan Kabupaten Karimun. Penelitian ini menarik di tengah upaya pemerintah menggairahkan kembali jalur rempah di wilayah nusantara. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji usaha perkebunan gambir di Kepulauan Riau pada abad ke-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah yang dalam pengumpulan sumber menggunakan studi pustaka dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bibit gambir didatangkan dari Sumatra. Perkebunan gambir di Kepulauan Riau berbeda dengandaerah lainnya, baik kepemilikan maupun tata cara pengolahan. Gambir dipasarkan ke Singapura, Pulau Jawa, dan Siam. Keberadaan usaha perkebunan gambir membawa dampak sosial ekonomi. Gambir memberikan pemasukan bagi Kerajaan Riau Lingga dan pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Selain itu, ribuan pekerja gambir dari etnik Teochew (Tiociu) didatangkan dari Cina dan menjadi cikal-bakalkeberadaan orang Tionghoadi Kepulauan Riau. Pada akhir abad ke-19, usaha perkebunan gambir mengalami kemunduran. Penyebabnya, permintaan gambir di pasar Internasional menurun. Usaha gambir makin sulit karena makin menipisnya cadangan kayu untuk pengolahan dampak kerusakan hutan yang parah.

The article aims to show the basics of the historical novel in Uzbek literature and its development. Here stated that the tasks of the genre were carried out through folk epics and epics in written literature until the XX century, and in the detecting the theoretical bases of historical work compositions main bases were the opinions of such scientists as Arastu, Gegel, I.Sultonov, A.Rakhimov, D.Kuronov.

This article highlights the importance of intercultural cooperation in modernizing the culture of Uzbekistan, the role of the cultural heritage of Uzbekistan and its role in the world civilization and further development of national culture based on the concept of further development of national culture in the Republic of Uzbekistan.