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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rautiola, Essi;

    Tutkielma käsittelee New Yorkin kaupungin kaavoituslainsäädännön kerrosneliöbonusjärjestelmää sekä sen synnyttämiä yksityisomisteisia julkisia tiloja ja niiden tilallista laatua nykyisten ihanteiden valossa. Esimerkkitiloina käytetään Manhattanin keskikaupungille kuuden korttelin alueelle sijoittuvaa kymmenen sisä- ja ulkotilan sarjaa. Kerrosneliöbonusjärjestelmä on ollut osa kaupungin kaavoituslainsäädäntöä vuodesta 1961 alkaen ja liittyy olennaisesti New Yorkin kaupungin korkean rakentamisen perinteisiin. Se on mahdollistanut ylimääräisten kerrosneliömetrien rakentamisen tornitaloihin yli asemakaavassa määritellyn neliömääräkaton tiiviin rakentamisen sallivilla alueilla vastineeksi julkisen sisä- tai ulkotilan avaamisesta samalle tontille. Tarjoamalla yhden julkitilaneliömetrin rakennuttaja on parhaimmillaan saanut rakentaa pilvenpiirtäjäänsä kymmenen kerrosneliömetriä lisää tilaa. Käytännössä tornitalot ovat näin nousseet kaavan normaalitilanteessa sallimaa korkeammiksi. Järjestelmän turvin on tähän mennessä rakennettu yli 500 eri kokoista julkista tilaa yli 300 eri kohteeseen ja se on myös tuottanut noin 1,5 miljoonaa lisäkerrosneliömetriä kaupungin, lähinnä Manhattanin alueen, pilvenpiirtäjiin. Kaavoituslainsäädäntö määrittelee 14 erilaista tilatyyppiä, joita kaikkia koskevat eri suunnitteluohjeet ja joista jokaisesta tarjoutuu erikokoinen bonus. Sekä sallitut tilatyypit, niistä tarjoutuvan bonuksen suuruus että niiden suunnitteluohjeet ovat vuosien saatossa muuttuneet useampaan kertaan. Tilat voivat esimerkiksi olla erilaisia aukioita, atriumeja, katettuja jalkakäytävän levennyksiä tai erilaisia ulkona tai sisällä kulkevia reittejä tontin ja sillä sijaitsevan rakennuksen halki. Etenkin osa läpikulkureiteistä on kaupungin tiettyihin kortteleihin jalankulun helpottamiseksi määräämiä edellytyksenä rakennusluvan myöntämiselle. Näistä pakollisista läpikulkureiteistä vain osa on kerryttänyt bonuksia rakentajilleen. Esimerkkeinä käsiteltävistä tiloista kuusi muodostaa kortteleita halkovan, vuoroin ulko-, vuoroin sisätilassa kulkevan kävelykadun nimeltä Sixth-and-a-Half Avenue Manhattanin kuudennen ja seitsemännen avenuen välille, loput neljä tilaa taas muodostavat vaihtoehtoisia läpikulkuja tälle vuonna 2012 jalkakäytävillä yhteen liitetylle reitille. Tilat on rakennettu pääasiallisesti 1980- ja 1990-lukujen aikana ja osa niistä on uudistettu viimeisten kymmenen vuoden sisällä. Mukana on niin neliöbonuksia tuoneita kuin pakotettujakin tiloja. Osa niistä tarjoaa käyttäjilleen taukopaikkoja, osa on tarkoitettu vain nopeaan läpikulkuun, osa liittyy kiinteästi tontilla sijaitsevien pilvenpiirtäjien toimintoihin, osa on muista toiminnoista täysin irrallisia, osa on auki aina, osa suljetaan työpäivän päättyessä. Yhteistä kaikille tiloille on se, että vaikka ne sijaitsevat yksityisellä tonttimaalla, ei tonttien haltijoilla ole oikeutta rajoittaa niiden käyttöä, muuten kuin kaupungin määrittämien säännösten puitteissa. Yhteistä on myös se, että tiloille rakennusluvan myöntämisen yhteydessä määritellyt suunnittelu- ja ylläpito-ohjeet ja -rajoitukset pätevät siihen asti, että tontilla sijaitseva rakennus puretaan. Koska tällaiset yksityisomisteiset mutta silti julkiset, kaikille avoimet ulko- ja sisätilat muodostavat merkittävät osan New Yorkin kaupungin julkitilasta, on perusteltua käsitellä myös niiden tilallista laatua kaupunkilaisen tai kaupungissa vierailevan turistin näkökulmasta. Ovatko ne nykyisin hyväksi ymmärrettyä kaupunkitilaa ja jos eivät, miten niitä voisi kehittää, miten ne parantavat jalkaisin liikkuvan ihmisen kokemusta kaupungista, ja ovatko ne todella kaikkien kaupunkilaisten käytettävissä? Laatua tarkastellaan toisaalta kaupungin itse itselleen asettamien tavoitteiden, toisaalta tunnustettujen kaupunkitutkijoiden kuten William H. Whyten, Jan Gehlin ja Jeff Speckin tai American Institute of Architectsin New Yorkin osaston teesien kautta. Arvioinnissa hyödynnetään myös Sixth-and-a-Half Avenuesta muutaman viime vuoden aikana ilmestyneitä lehtiartikkeleita ja kirjoittajan omakohtaista kokemusta tiloista. Tutkielma onkin syntynyt osin juuri näissä käsittelemissään tiloissa. This thesis talks about the zoning bonus system in New York City and the privately owned public spaces created as part of this system. It also reflects on the spatial quality of the existing spaces. The concept of privately owned public space is discussed with the help of ten indoor and outdoor spaces located within a 6-city-block area in Midtown Manhattan. The zoning bonus system, officially called incentive zoning, was introduced in the 1961 New York City Zoning Resolution. It is a logical continuation to the development of the skyscrapers in the first half of the 20th century and the need to regulate their height and volume, and to secure light and air at street level in a skyscraper intensive city. The bonus system has made it possible to add square meters to those skyscrapers that have already reached the zoning district specific top limit in exchange for the provision of indoor or outdoor public space on the zoning lot. The bonus has varied between three and ten square meters of additional space for each square meter of public space provided. In practice this means that the developers have been able to build taller towers than the base floor area ratio for the zoning lot would otherwise permit. All in all, more than 500 privately owned public spaces have been built since 1961 at more than 300 locations in New York City and especially Manhattan. The built bonused floor area adds up to approximately 1.5 million square meters. The Zoning Resolution and its amendments define 14 different types of privately owned public space that all have their own specific design guidelines and that all have provided the developers with different sized floor area bonuses. The permitted types of space, the sizes of the bonuses, the design guidelines, as well as the permit processes have all varied within the past 50 years. The privately owned public spaces can be different kinds of plazas, atriums, covered sidewalk widenings, arcades or various types of indoor or outdoor routes through the host buildings. In some parts of Manhattan the City of New York has mandated the provision of these public through-block connections. In some case the bonuses have been withheld. Six of the ten spaces discussed here form a 6-block-long mid-block pedestrian passageway called Sixth-and-a-Half Avenue, the other four spaces form two variants to the named route. In 2012 the route located between 6th and 7th Avenues was formalized with the help of street signs and connecting crosswalks. Most of the spaces forming the route and its variants have been built in the 1980’s and the 1990’s with some having been renovated within the past ten years. Of these spaces some have been mandated, some have brought bonuses to their developers. Some offer places to sit, some are only meant for quick walk-throughs. Some are tightly linked to the functions of their host buildings, some are separate corridors. Some are always open, some close at the end of the business day. What is similar to all the spaces is that even if they are located on private property, the property owners cannot control the use or the users of the spaces except for within the City-specified rules of conduct and opening hours. Another shared aspect is that all the spaces will need to follow the design and maintenance guidelines valid at the time the host buildings received their building permits up until the buildings are demolished or a renovation permit is applied for. As these kinds of privately owned but publicly accessible indoor and outdoor spaces constitute a remarkable share of the public space available in New York City, it is worth studying their spatial quality from the points of view of the possible user groups. Can they be understood as good quality urban public space according to current standards? If not, how could they be developed further? How do they improve the walkability of the city? Are they really open to all? These questions are discussed in regards to the current urban policies of the City of New York, as well as the theses of acknowledged urbanists such as William H. Whyte, Jan Gehl and Jeff Speck. In addition to the existing research, the spatial qualities are also evaluated on the basis of some recent newspaper articles on Sixth-and-Half Avenue, and on-site observation. Parts of the thesis have actually been written within the actual privately owned public spaces discussed while observing other users.

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    Authors: Riihimäki, Irene;

    Pro gradu -työni aiheena on Keisarillisen Aleksanterin -yliopiston piirustussalin historia vuosina 1830–1893. Tutkimukseni kattaa kolmen piirustusmestarin opetuskaudet. Vuosina 1830–1848 piirustusmestarina toimi Pehr Adolf Kruskopf. Häntä seurasi Magnus von Wright, joka toimi piirustusmestarina vuodet 1849–1868. Hänen jälkeensä toimeen valittiin Adolf von Becker, jonka opetuskausi kesti vuodet 1869–1892. Yli kuusikymmentä vuotta piirustussalin historiaa avaa näkökulman Suomen taidekoulutuksen alkuvaiheisiin, yliopiston kehitykseen sekä syvempiin muutoksiin yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty lähteenä erityisesti Helsingin yliopiston konsistorin pöytäkirjoja, Suomen Taideyhdistyksen pöytäkirjoja, kirjeenvaihtoa ja ajan lehdistöä. Kruskopfin opetuskausi voidaan nähdä eräänlaisena Suomen taidekoulutuksen esivaiheena. Yliopiston piirustussalin varsinaisena tarkoituksena ei ollut kouluttaa taiteilijoita. Piirustussalin merkitys nähtiin ylioppilaiden sivistämisessä ja myös siinä, että heille tarjottiin moraalisesti kunnollista ajanvietettä. Tämän tutkimuksen huomattavimpia tuloksia on von Wrightin kauden merkityksen avautuminen, sillä aikaisemmin hänen ajastaan piirustusmestarina ei ole tehty mitään tutkimusta. Von Wright oli keskeinen henkilö niin Suomen Taideyhdistyksessä kuin Keisarillisessa Aleksanterin -yliopistossakin. Von Beckerin aikana piirustussalin rooli taiteilijoiden kouluttajana nousi erityisen tärkeäksi. Lisäksi von Becker otti aktiivisesti kantaa ajan taidepoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Käsittelemälläni ajanjaksolla Suomen taide-elämä muovautui sellaiselle pohjalle, jolle se nykyäänkin rakentuu. Pro gradu -työni tarkoituksena on selvittää piirustussalin ja piirustusmestareiden merkitys Suomen taide-elämässä. Tutkimuksessa olen pyrkinyt käsittelemään taidekenttää kokonaisuutena. Vertailenkin piirustussalia ajan muihin piirustuksen opetusta tarjoaviin instituutioihin sekä siihen, miten ajan merkittävät tapahtumat Suomen taide-elämässä vaikuttivat piirustussaliin. Näin tutkimukseni tarkastelee ensimmäisen suomalaisen ammattitaiteilijoiden sukupolven kouluttautumista.

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    Authors: Kang, Taize;

    Story generation is an artificial intelligence task in which a computer program is used to create literature or stories. This kind of task usually involves giving an initial scene, characters, background information and goals, and then letting the computer program automatically generate a storyline and complete the narrative of the story. Transformers are widely used and achieved state of the art for many different natural language processing tasks, including story generation. With the help of attention mechanism, transforms can overcome overfittting and achieved great results. Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) series are one of the best transformers, which attract many researchers. In this thesis, transformer models are used to design and implement a machine learning method for the generation of very short stories. By introducing a commonsense knowledge base and a rule generator based on it, the models can learn the relationships between context and generate coherent narratives. By given the first sentence of the story as the input, the model can complete the story. The model is based on GPT-2 model and COINS. The dataset used is a collection of short stories. By comparing with the generated results of different models in many aspects, we proved the effectiveness of the model. In addition, the compared results are analyzed to find the potential optimization methods.

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    Authors: Stultiens, Andrea;

    Reflection on the process towards and around the publication 'Ebifananyi VII, Staying Alive - documenting the Uganda Cancer Institute' by medical historian Marissa Mika

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    Authors: Ribbens, C.R.; de Boer, V.; van Doornik, J.; Buitinck, L.; +2 Authors
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    Authors: Edmond, Jennifer; Papaki, Eliza; Erzsébet, Tóth-Czifra;

    Citizen Science in the (Digital) Arts and Humanities PARTHENOS This module will look at the variety of practices within ‘citizen science’, how you as a humanist might get started working with them, what issues you might be wary of along the way and how Research Infrastructures can potentially help you. By the end of this section, you should be able to: Recognise and define common approaches to incorporating citizen science into research projects in the arts and humanities Be aware of strategies and tools for managing citizen input to research Recognise some of the possible challenges in such projects and be equipped to manage them Background: The PARTHENOS project [3] recognised that over the past ten years, researchers, institutional leaders and policymakers have begun to speak more and more about infrastructure. As more voices join the conversation, however, it can sometimes become more difficult, rather than less, to understand what exactly research infrastructure is and does. In particular in the humanities, and the digital humanities, the term is used to cover a lot of different projects, resources and approaches. To address this gap, the PARTHENOS cluster of humanities research infrastructure projects devised a series of training modules and resources for researchers, educators, managers, and policy makers who want to learn more about research infrastructures and the issues and methods around them. The modules, which have been released on a rolling basis from late 2016, cover a wide range of awareness levels, requirements and topic areas within the landscape of research infrastructure. This deposit is never intended to replace the online version of the training material on the PARTHENOS website, and is intended as an archive of content. Except where otherwise noted, PARTHENOS content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license CC BY-NC 4.0. [1] https://training.parthenos-project.eu/ [2] WP7 – Skills, Professional Development and Advancement: http://www.parthenos-project.eu/resources/projects-deliverables#1523355756261-be477222-2866 [3] http://www.parthenos-project.eu/ [This is an archived snapshot of an online course. The online course may be updated over time, and though new versions will be created to reflect major changes, the archived version may not match exactly the content of the online version] Supplementary materials: PARTHENOS-owned: Videos: https://youtu.be/MI17CD1a7Ik https://youtu.be/sRLot1Bw-KM https://youtu.be/bsB7iqLDnrM https://youtu.be/FThSgWfGaH0 https://youtu.be/hZLWQbZxm90 https://youtu.be/AlURBykTXk0 https://youtu.be/8Cpf8_8qzU0 THIRD PARTY: Images: https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS1_Who-is-a-Citizen-Scientist_Fig1_p8-150x150.png https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS2_Who-is-a-Citizen-Scientist_Fig2_p8-150x150.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS3_Challenges-of-conducting-a-Citizen-Science-project_fig3.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS4_hallenges-of-conducting-a-Citizen-Science-project_fig4.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS5_Challenges_exploreAT-case-study_fig5-1024x671.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Data-life-cycle-model.png Videos https://youtu.be/G7cQHSqfSzI https://youtu.be/_Iomkr4GtdM https://vimeo.com/177519921 https://youtu.be/iZVrhkoj6BM https://youtu.be/ngaXnjpruY8

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    Authors: Lehmann, Jörg; Morselli, Francesca;

    The subject “Science and Technology in the First World War” has so far been treated from the perspective on inventions and the development of new weapons, and often the focus has been on the topic of chemical warfare at the expense of other important dimensions. The approach of this Archival Research Guide, by contrast, comes from the social sciences and focuses on the establishment of relevant scientific, military and governmental bodies and on the personal networks established during the war. By examining these institutions and networks country by country, comparisons between them can be drawn, enabling further research with regard to the sociology of institutions. By pointing to the connections and channels of exchange between the nations and institutions under consideration, this approach opens up a transnational perspective and supports the paradoxal insight that transnational ties can dissolve national obstacles while simultaneously strengthening the nation-states themselves. On the individual level, the ARG takes the role of intellectuals into account, for whom scientific objectivity / neutrality and patriotic commitment seemed to have been no contradiction. It is remarkable that the First World War led to the establishment of several institutions aiming at funding science through the state, most notably in the case of France (CNRS), the U.S. (NACA/NASA) and Russia (KEPS). CENDARI Archival Research Guide

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    Other ORP type . 2016
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      Other ORP type . 2016
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    Authors: Marila, Marko;

    In this master s thesis, I have discussed the question of authenticity in postprocessual archaeology. Modern archaeology is a product of the modern world, and postprocessual archaeology in turn is strongly influenced by postmodernism. The way authenticity has been understood in processual archaeology is largely dictated by the modern condition. The understanding of authenticity in postprocessual archaeology, however, rests on notions of simulation and metaphor. It has been argued by postprocessual archaeologists that the past can be experienced by metaphor, and that the relationship between now and then is of a metaphorical kind. In postprocessual archaeology, authenticity has been said to be contextual. This view has been based on a contextualist understanding of the meanings of language and metaphor. I argue that, besides being based on metaphor, authenticity is a conventional attribute based on habits of acting, which in turn have their basis in the material world and the materiality of objects. Authenticity is material meaning, and that meaning can be found out by studying the objects as signs in a chain of signification called semiosis. Authenticity therefore is semiosis. Tässä pro gradu -tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan autenttisuuden käsitteen teoreettisia käyttötapoja arkeologiassa. Työ jakautuu autenttisuuden käsitteen filosofisia juuria tarkastelevaan osaan sekä varsinaiseen arkeologian teorian tarkasteluun kirjallisuuden pohjalta. Nykyaikainen tieteellinen arkeologia on modernin yhteiskunnan tuote, jonka tavoite on systemaattinen ja objektiivinen tutkimus. Niin sanottu postprosessuaalinen arkeologia puolestaan on saanut vaikutteensa postmodernismista. Siksi viimeaikaisessa arkeologiassa on haluttu painottaa objektiivisen tiedon mahdottomuutta ja menneisyydestä tehtävien monien tulkintojen oikeellisuutta. Postprosessuaalinen arkeologia on yksilön arkeologiaa. Tavoite tutkia yksilöä on modernin yksilöajattelun ja tietynlaisen eksistentialismin innoittamaa. Postmoderni haluttomuus uskoa suuriin kertomuksiin on osaltaan johtanut menneen yksilön tutkimiseen, mutta myös menneisyyden tutkimisen moniäänisyyteen. Yksi postprosessualismin tavoitteista on siksi ollut hälventää tieteellisen arkeologian ja muun yhteiskunnan välillä vallitsevaa kuilua. Jotkut arkeologit ovatkin nähneet tieteenalansa olevan pohjimmiltaan populaaria arkeologiaa, jonka tehtävä on hyödyttää yhteiskuntaa. Postmodernismissa suositut simulaation ja hypertodellisuuden käsitteet ovat vaikuttaneet myös viimeaikaiseen arkeologian teoriaan. Siksi postprosessualistisessa arkeologiassa on hylätty ajatus autenttisista esineistä ja autenttisesta menneisyydestä. Menneisyys on haluttu nähdä erottamattomana osana nykyhetkeä, jossa kaikki esineet ovat kopioita ja todellisuus simulaatiota. Postprosessuaalisessa arkeologiassa menneisyyden merkitykset ovat arbitraarisia representaatioita nykyhetkessä, ja menneisyys voidaan kokea ainoastaan metaforisesti. Menneisyyden merkitykset voidaan siis kokea monella tavalla kontekstista riippuen. Tästä syystä myös autenttisuus on ymmärretty kontekstuaaliseksi. Autenttisuuden käsittäminen kontekstuaalisena on kuitenkin perustunut kontekstualistiselle käsitykselle kielen ja metaforan merkityksistä. Tässä tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että metaforinen autenttisuus on konventionaalista ja voidaan kokea usealla tavalla samassa kontekstissa. Konventiot perustuvat toiminnan tavalle, jonka perusta on materiaalisessa maailmassa, jatkuvuudellisuudessa ja historiallisuudessa. Materiaalisen maailman objektit ovat osa sosiaalista mediaatiota ja merkityksenmuodostumista, joka perustuu merkkien ja niiden tulkitsemisen muodostamalle ketjulle eli semiosikselle. Autenttisuus on siis semiosista.

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    Authors: Fay-Leino, Rachel;

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of 3D imaging applications in conservation in a manner accessible to conservators. In order to do this, the basics of 3D imaging, as it applies to conservation, had to be discussed and explained and the history of 3D imaging in cultural heritage and conservation examined. Case studies were used as examples of the most relevant applications for this technology in conservation. Finally, a theoretical look was taken at the broader meaning of 3D imaging in the conservation field. The study found that a wide variety of applications are available in the conservation field, namely those of documentation, analysis, and monitoring. Some applications are currently accessible, while others will become more appropriate as costs are established and developments made. Conservation theories were examined to place 3D imaging into the broader context of conservation and to push for more cooperation and resources spent on the adoption of 3D imaging into the conservators’ toolbox. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli pohtia 3D mallintamisen sovelluksia konservoimisen puitteissa tavalla, joka tukisi konservaattoreiden työtä. Jotta tämä olisi mahdollista, 3D mallintamisen perusteet ja historia kulttuuriperinnön ja konservoimisen työkaluna piti käsitellä ja selittää. Tapaustutkimuksia käytettiin esimerkkeinä siitä, miten tätä teknologiaa voi soveltaa konservoinnin kannalta. Lopuksi 3D mallintamisen laajempaa merkitystä konservoinnissa tarkasteltiin teorian kautta. Konservoinnin teorioita tutkittiin, jotta 3D mallintamista voitaisiin tarkastella konservoinnin laajemmassa kontekstissa ja jotta yhteistyö ja resurssit tällä saralla lisääntyisivät niin, että 3D mallintamista pidettäisiin yhtenä konservaattoreiden työkaluista.

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    Authors: Bhatta, Girija;

    The attic of Häme Castle has many undefined shapes because of structural deformation or weathering which is very difficult or impossible to represent accurately using parametric BIM objects. The historic styles of Häme Castle include organic shapes, which again can be more time consuming or difficult to model accurately using simple solid geometry. Häme Castle was scanned in the form of point cloud which was helpful to find the location of the structural components, but the 3D modelling could make it more beneficial. The features, such as heritage importance and values can be combined into the 3D model in a structured and consistent way which allows easy information uprooting and the production of deliverables. BIM offers a robust information management framework that can be highly beneficial for Häme Castle. Häme Castle has one of the oldest building trusses in Europe. It is assumed that the trusses of the main castle are 500 years old. By absorbing high-quality digital survey datasets, BIM does not only represent the image of the existing historic framework, but will also allow the investigating, quality checking and complex analysis of proposed involvement in various scenarios of the castle. The calculations done by the software are faster, more efficient, and easier to correct than the manual calculations. The amount of material needed for the building could help us to know the amount of money needed for the renovation or reconstruction of the building. The adoption of BIM in Häme Castle may drive by significant gains in terms of efficiency and cost savings during capital and operational stages in terms of spatial coordination and conservation planning through improved visualisation, analysis, and options appraisal. Working with BIM will experience reduced project risk, improved timelines, and better project outcomes. BIM appears less popular in terms of adoption by heritage professionals. If the information model of the Häme Castle is maintained, it can be an invaluable decision making and management tool for the castle throughout its life cycle. The purpose of this Bachelor's thesis was to demonstrate how to design the 3D model and conduct structural analysis of a historical building (Häme Castle) using Building information modeling (BIM) software. The analysis was done for trusses in a three-dimensional arrangement in RFEM software. As the result of the project work, the results were positive which proves that the main castle trusses are strong enough to bear all kind of loads.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rautiola, Essi;

    Tutkielma käsittelee New Yorkin kaupungin kaavoituslainsäädännön kerrosneliöbonusjärjestelmää sekä sen synnyttämiä yksityisomisteisia julkisia tiloja ja niiden tilallista laatua nykyisten ihanteiden valossa. Esimerkkitiloina käytetään Manhattanin keskikaupungille kuuden korttelin alueelle sijoittuvaa kymmenen sisä- ja ulkotilan sarjaa. Kerrosneliöbonusjärjestelmä on ollut osa kaupungin kaavoituslainsäädäntöä vuodesta 1961 alkaen ja liittyy olennaisesti New Yorkin kaupungin korkean rakentamisen perinteisiin. Se on mahdollistanut ylimääräisten kerrosneliömetrien rakentamisen tornitaloihin yli asemakaavassa määritellyn neliömääräkaton tiiviin rakentamisen sallivilla alueilla vastineeksi julkisen sisä- tai ulkotilan avaamisesta samalle tontille. Tarjoamalla yhden julkitilaneliömetrin rakennuttaja on parhaimmillaan saanut rakentaa pilvenpiirtäjäänsä kymmenen kerrosneliömetriä lisää tilaa. Käytännössä tornitalot ovat näin nousseet kaavan normaalitilanteessa sallimaa korkeammiksi. Järjestelmän turvin on tähän mennessä rakennettu yli 500 eri kokoista julkista tilaa yli 300 eri kohteeseen ja se on myös tuottanut noin 1,5 miljoonaa lisäkerrosneliömetriä kaupungin, lähinnä Manhattanin alueen, pilvenpiirtäjiin. Kaavoituslainsäädäntö määrittelee 14 erilaista tilatyyppiä, joita kaikkia koskevat eri suunnitteluohjeet ja joista jokaisesta tarjoutuu erikokoinen bonus. Sekä sallitut tilatyypit, niistä tarjoutuvan bonuksen suuruus että niiden suunnitteluohjeet ovat vuosien saatossa muuttuneet useampaan kertaan. Tilat voivat esimerkiksi olla erilaisia aukioita, atriumeja, katettuja jalkakäytävän levennyksiä tai erilaisia ulkona tai sisällä kulkevia reittejä tontin ja sillä sijaitsevan rakennuksen halki. Etenkin osa läpikulkureiteistä on kaupungin tiettyihin kortteleihin jalankulun helpottamiseksi määräämiä edellytyksenä rakennusluvan myöntämiselle. Näistä pakollisista läpikulkureiteistä vain osa on kerryttänyt bonuksia rakentajilleen. Esimerkkeinä käsiteltävistä tiloista kuusi muodostaa kortteleita halkovan, vuoroin ulko-, vuoroin sisätilassa kulkevan kävelykadun nimeltä Sixth-and-a-Half Avenue Manhattanin kuudennen ja seitsemännen avenuen välille, loput neljä tilaa taas muodostavat vaihtoehtoisia läpikulkuja tälle vuonna 2012 jalkakäytävillä yhteen liitetylle reitille. Tilat on rakennettu pääasiallisesti 1980- ja 1990-lukujen aikana ja osa niistä on uudistettu viimeisten kymmenen vuoden sisällä. Mukana on niin neliöbonuksia tuoneita kuin pakotettujakin tiloja. Osa niistä tarjoaa käyttäjilleen taukopaikkoja, osa on tarkoitettu vain nopeaan läpikulkuun, osa liittyy kiinteästi tontilla sijaitsevien pilvenpiirtäjien toimintoihin, osa on muista toiminnoista täysin irrallisia, osa on auki aina, osa suljetaan työpäivän päättyessä. Yhteistä kaikille tiloille on se, että vaikka ne sijaitsevat yksityisellä tonttimaalla, ei tonttien haltijoilla ole oikeutta rajoittaa niiden käyttöä, muuten kuin kaupungin määrittämien säännösten puitteissa. Yhteistä on myös se, että tiloille rakennusluvan myöntämisen yhteydessä määritellyt suunnittelu- ja ylläpito-ohjeet ja -rajoitukset pätevät siihen asti, että tontilla sijaitseva rakennus puretaan. Koska tällaiset yksityisomisteiset mutta silti julkiset, kaikille avoimet ulko- ja sisätilat muodostavat merkittävät osan New Yorkin kaupungin julkitilasta, on perusteltua käsitellä myös niiden tilallista laatua kaupunkilaisen tai kaupungissa vierailevan turistin näkökulmasta. Ovatko ne nykyisin hyväksi ymmärrettyä kaupunkitilaa ja jos eivät, miten niitä voisi kehittää, miten ne parantavat jalkaisin liikkuvan ihmisen kokemusta kaupungista, ja ovatko ne todella kaikkien kaupunkilaisten käytettävissä? Laatua tarkastellaan toisaalta kaupungin itse itselleen asettamien tavoitteiden, toisaalta tunnustettujen kaupunkitutkijoiden kuten William H. Whyten, Jan Gehlin ja Jeff Speckin tai American Institute of Architectsin New Yorkin osaston teesien kautta. Arvioinnissa hyödynnetään myös Sixth-and-a-Half Avenuesta muutaman viime vuoden aikana ilmestyneitä lehtiartikkeleita ja kirjoittajan omakohtaista kokemusta tiloista. Tutkielma onkin syntynyt osin juuri näissä käsittelemissään tiloissa. This thesis talks about the zoning bonus system in New York City and the privately owned public spaces created as part of this system. It also reflects on the spatial quality of the existing spaces. The concept of privately owned public space is discussed with the help of ten indoor and outdoor spaces located within a 6-city-block area in Midtown Manhattan. The zoning bonus system, officially called incentive zoning, was introduced in the 1961 New York City Zoning Resolution. It is a logical continuation to the development of the skyscrapers in the first half of the 20th century and the need to regulate their height and volume, and to secure light and air at street level in a skyscraper intensive city. The bonus system has made it possible to add square meters to those skyscrapers that have already reached the zoning district specific top limit in exchange for the provision of indoor or outdoor public space on the zoning lot. The bonus has varied between three and ten square meters of additional space for each square meter of public space provided. In practice this means that the developers have been able to build taller towers than the base floor area ratio for the zoning lot would otherwise permit. All in all, more than 500 privately owned public spaces have been built since 1961 at more than 300 locations in New York City and especially Manhattan. The built bonused floor area adds up to approximately 1.5 million square meters. The Zoning Resolution and its amendments define 14 different types of privately owned public space that all have their own specific design guidelines and that all have provided the developers with different sized floor area bonuses. The permitted types of space, the sizes of the bonuses, the design guidelines, as well as the permit processes have all varied within the past 50 years. The privately owned public spaces can be different kinds of plazas, atriums, covered sidewalk widenings, arcades or various types of indoor or outdoor routes through the host buildings. In some parts of Manhattan the City of New York has mandated the provision of these public through-block connections. In some case the bonuses have been withheld. Six of the ten spaces discussed here form a 6-block-long mid-block pedestrian passageway called Sixth-and-a-Half Avenue, the other four spaces form two variants to the named route. In 2012 the route located between 6th and 7th Avenues was formalized with the help of street signs and connecting crosswalks. Most of the spaces forming the route and its variants have been built in the 1980’s and the 1990’s with some having been renovated within the past ten years. Of these spaces some have been mandated, some have brought bonuses to their developers. Some offer places to sit, some are only meant for quick walk-throughs. Some are tightly linked to the functions of their host buildings, some are separate corridors. Some are always open, some close at the end of the business day. What is similar to all the spaces is that even if they are located on private property, the property owners cannot control the use or the users of the spaces except for within the City-specified rules of conduct and opening hours. Another shared aspect is that all the spaces will need to follow the design and maintenance guidelines valid at the time the host buildings received their building permits up until the buildings are demolished or a renovation permit is applied for. As these kinds of privately owned but publicly accessible indoor and outdoor spaces constitute a remarkable share of the public space available in New York City, it is worth studying their spatial quality from the points of view of the possible user groups. Can they be understood as good quality urban public space according to current standards? If not, how could they be developed further? How do they improve the walkability of the city? Are they really open to all? These questions are discussed in regards to the current urban policies of the City of New York, as well as the theses of acknowledged urbanists such as William H. Whyte, Jan Gehl and Jeff Speck. In addition to the existing research, the spatial qualities are also evaluated on the basis of some recent newspaper articles on Sixth-and-Half Avenue, and on-site observation. Parts of the thesis have actually been written within the actual privately owned public spaces discussed while observing other users.

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    Authors: Riihimäki, Irene;

    Pro gradu -työni aiheena on Keisarillisen Aleksanterin -yliopiston piirustussalin historia vuosina 1830–1893. Tutkimukseni kattaa kolmen piirustusmestarin opetuskaudet. Vuosina 1830–1848 piirustusmestarina toimi Pehr Adolf Kruskopf. Häntä seurasi Magnus von Wright, joka toimi piirustusmestarina vuodet 1849–1868. Hänen jälkeensä toimeen valittiin Adolf von Becker, jonka opetuskausi kesti vuodet 1869–1892. Yli kuusikymmentä vuotta piirustussalin historiaa avaa näkökulman Suomen taidekoulutuksen alkuvaiheisiin, yliopiston kehitykseen sekä syvempiin muutoksiin yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty lähteenä erityisesti Helsingin yliopiston konsistorin pöytäkirjoja, Suomen Taideyhdistyksen pöytäkirjoja, kirjeenvaihtoa ja ajan lehdistöä. Kruskopfin opetuskausi voidaan nähdä eräänlaisena Suomen taidekoulutuksen esivaiheena. Yliopiston piirustussalin varsinaisena tarkoituksena ei ollut kouluttaa taiteilijoita. Piirustussalin merkitys nähtiin ylioppilaiden sivistämisessä ja myös siinä, että heille tarjottiin moraalisesti kunnollista ajanvietettä. Tämän tutkimuksen huomattavimpia tuloksia on von Wrightin kauden merkityksen avautuminen, sillä aikaisemmin hänen ajastaan piirustusmestarina ei ole tehty mitään tutkimusta. Von Wright oli keskeinen henkilö niin Suomen Taideyhdistyksessä kuin Keisarillisessa Aleksanterin -yliopistossakin. Von Beckerin aikana piirustussalin rooli taiteilijoiden kouluttajana nousi erityisen tärkeäksi. Lisäksi von Becker otti aktiivisesti kantaa ajan taidepoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Käsittelemälläni ajanjaksolla Suomen taide-elämä muovautui sellaiselle pohjalle, jolle se nykyäänkin rakentuu. Pro gradu -työni tarkoituksena on selvittää piirustussalin ja piirustusmestareiden merkitys Suomen taide-elämässä. Tutkimuksessa olen pyrkinyt käsittelemään taidekenttää kokonaisuutena. Vertailenkin piirustussalia ajan muihin piirustuksen opetusta tarjoaviin instituutioihin sekä siihen, miten ajan merkittävät tapahtumat Suomen taide-elämässä vaikuttivat piirustussaliin. Näin tutkimukseni tarkastelee ensimmäisen suomalaisen ammattitaiteilijoiden sukupolven kouluttautumista.

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    Authors: Kang, Taize;

    Story generation is an artificial intelligence task in which a computer program is used to create literature or stories. This kind of task usually involves giving an initial scene, characters, background information and goals, and then letting the computer program automatically generate a storyline and complete the narrative of the story. Transformers are widely used and achieved state of the art for many different natural language processing tasks, including story generation. With the help of attention mechanism, transforms can overcome overfittting and achieved great results. Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) series are one of the best transformers, which attract many researchers. In this thesis, transformer models are used to design and implement a machine learning method for the generation of very short stories. By introducing a commonsense knowledge base and a rule generator based on it, the models can learn the relationships between context and generate coherent narratives. By given the first sentence of the story as the input, the model can complete the story. The model is based on GPT-2 model and COINS. The dataset used is a collection of short stories. By comparing with the generated results of different models in many aspects, we proved the effectiveness of the model. In addition, the compared results are analyzed to find the potential optimization methods.

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    Authors: Stultiens, Andrea;

    Reflection on the process towards and around the publication 'Ebifananyi VII, Staying Alive - documenting the Uganda Cancer Institute' by medical historian Marissa Mika

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    Authors: Ribbens, C.R.; de Boer, V.; van Doornik, J.; Buitinck, L.; +2 Authors
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    Authors: Edmond, Jennifer; Papaki, Eliza; Erzsébet, Tóth-Czifra;

    Citizen Science in the (Digital) Arts and Humanities PARTHENOS This module will look at the variety of practices within ‘citizen science’, how you as a humanist might get started working with them, what issues you might be wary of along the way and how Research Infrastructures can potentially help you. By the end of this section, you should be able to: Recognise and define common approaches to incorporating citizen science into research projects in the arts and humanities Be aware of strategies and tools for managing citizen input to research Recognise some of the possible challenges in such projects and be equipped to manage them Background: The PARTHENOS project [3] recognised that over the past ten years, researchers, institutional leaders and policymakers have begun to speak more and more about infrastructure. As more voices join the conversation, however, it can sometimes become more difficult, rather than less, to understand what exactly research infrastructure is and does. In particular in the humanities, and the digital humanities, the term is used to cover a lot of different projects, resources and approaches. To address this gap, the PARTHENOS cluster of humanities research infrastructure projects devised a series of training modules and resources for researchers, educators, managers, and policy makers who want to learn more about research infrastructures and the issues and methods around them. The modules, which have been released on a rolling basis from late 2016, cover a wide range of awareness levels, requirements and topic areas within the landscape of research infrastructure. This deposit is never intended to replace the online version of the training material on the PARTHENOS website, and is intended as an archive of content. Except where otherwise noted, PARTHENOS content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license CC BY-NC 4.0. [1] https://training.parthenos-project.eu/ [2] WP7 – Skills, Professional Development and Advancement: http://www.parthenos-project.eu/resources/projects-deliverables#1523355756261-be477222-2866 [3] http://www.parthenos-project.eu/ [This is an archived snapshot of an online course. The online course may be updated over time, and though new versions will be created to reflect major changes, the archived version may not match exactly the content of the online version] Supplementary materials: PARTHENOS-owned: Videos: https://youtu.be/MI17CD1a7Ik https://youtu.be/sRLot1Bw-KM https://youtu.be/bsB7iqLDnrM https://youtu.be/FThSgWfGaH0 https://youtu.be/hZLWQbZxm90 https://youtu.be/AlURBykTXk0 https://youtu.be/8Cpf8_8qzU0 THIRD PARTY: Images: https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS1_Who-is-a-Citizen-Scientist_Fig1_p8-150x150.png https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS2_Who-is-a-Citizen-Scientist_Fig2_p8-150x150.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS3_Challenges-of-conducting-a-Citizen-Science-project_fig3.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS4_hallenges-of-conducting-a-Citizen-Science-project_fig4.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CS5_Challenges_exploreAT-case-study_fig5-1024x671.jpg https://training.parthenos-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Data-life-cycle-model.png Videos https://youtu.be/G7cQHSqfSzI https://youtu.be/_Iomkr4GtdM https://vimeo.com/177519921 https://youtu.be/iZVrhkoj6BM https://youtu.be/ngaXnjpruY8

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    InteractiveResource . 2019
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    Authors: Lehmann, Jörg; Morselli, Francesca;

    The subject “Science and Technology in the First World War” has so far been treated from the perspective on inventions and the development of new weapons, and often the focus has been on the topic of chemical warfare at the expense of other important dimensions. The approach of this Archival Research Guide, by contrast, comes from the social sciences and focuses on the establishment of relevant scientific, military and governmental bodies and on the personal networks established during the war. By examining these institutions and networks country by country, comparisons between them can be drawn, enabling further research with regard to the sociology of institutions. By pointing to the connections and channels of exchange between the nations and institutions under consideration, this approach opens up a transnational perspective and supports the paradoxal insight that transnational ties can dissolve national obstacles while simultaneously strengthening the nation-states themselves. On the individual level, the ARG takes the role of intellectuals into account, for whom scientific objectivity / neutrality and patriotic commitment seemed to have been no contradiction. It is remarkable that the First World War led to the establishment of several institutions aiming at funding science through the state, most notably in the case of France (CNRS), the U.S. (NACA/NASA) and Russia (KEPS). CENDARI Archival Research Guide

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    https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
    Other ORP type . 2016
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    Authors: Marila, Marko;

    In this master s thesis, I have discussed the question of authenticity in postprocessual archaeology. Modern archaeology is a product of the modern world, and postprocessual archaeology in turn is strongly influenced by postmodernism. The way authenticity has been understood in processual archaeology is largely dictated by the modern condition. The understanding of authenticity in postprocessual archaeology, however, rests on notions of simulation and metaphor. It has been argued by postprocessual archaeologists that the past can be experienced by metaphor, and that the relationship between now and then is of a metaphorical kind. In postprocessual archaeology, authenticity has been said to be contextual. This view has been based on a contextualist understanding of the meanings of language and metaphor. I argue that, besides being based on metaphor, authenticity is a conventional attribute based on habits of acting, which in turn have their basis in the material world and the materiality of objects. Authenticity is material meaning, and that meaning can be found out by studying the objects as signs in a chain of signification called semiosis. Authenticity therefore is semiosis. Tässä pro gradu -tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan autenttisuuden käsitteen teoreettisia käyttötapoja arkeologiassa. Työ jakautuu autenttisuuden käsitteen filosofisia juuria tarkastelevaan osaan sekä varsinaiseen arkeologian teorian tarkasteluun kirjallisuuden pohjalta. Nykyaikainen tieteellinen arkeologia on modernin yhteiskunnan tuote, jonka tavoite on systemaattinen ja objektiivinen tutkimus. Niin sanottu postprosessuaalinen arkeologia puolestaan on saanut vaikutteensa postmodernismista. Siksi viimeaikaisessa arkeologiassa on haluttu painottaa objektiivisen tiedon mahdottomuutta ja menneisyydestä tehtävien monien tulkintojen oikeellisuutta. Postprosessuaalinen arkeologia on yksilön arkeologiaa. Tavoite tutkia yksilöä on modernin yksilöajattelun ja tietynlaisen eksistentialismin innoittamaa. Postmoderni haluttomuus uskoa suuriin kertomuksiin on osaltaan johtanut menneen yksilön tutkimiseen, mutta myös menneisyyden tutkimisen moniäänisyyteen. Yksi postprosessualismin tavoitteista on siksi ollut hälventää tieteellisen arkeologian ja muun yhteiskunnan välillä vallitsevaa kuilua. Jotkut arkeologit ovatkin nähneet tieteenalansa olevan pohjimmiltaan populaaria arkeologiaa, jonka tehtävä on hyödyttää yhteiskuntaa. Postmodernismissa suositut simulaation ja hypertodellisuuden käsitteet ovat vaikuttaneet myös viimeaikaiseen arkeologian teoriaan. Siksi postprosessualistisessa arkeologiassa on hylätty ajatus autenttisista esineistä ja autenttisesta menneisyydestä. Menneisyys on haluttu nähdä erottamattomana osana nykyhetkeä, jossa kaikki esineet ovat kopioita ja todellisuus simulaatiota. Postprosessuaalisessa arkeologiassa menneisyyden merkitykset ovat arbitraarisia representaatioita nykyhetkessä, ja menneisyys voidaan kokea ainoastaan metaforisesti. Menneisyyden merkitykset voidaan siis kokea monella tavalla kontekstista riippuen. Tästä syystä myös autenttisuus on ymmärretty kontekstuaaliseksi. Autenttisuuden käsittäminen kontekstuaalisena on kuitenkin perustunut kontekstualistiselle käsitykselle kielen ja metaforan merkityksistä. Tässä tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että metaforinen autenttisuus on konventionaalista ja voidaan kokea usealla tavalla samassa kontekstissa. Konventiot perustuvat toiminnan tavalle, jonka perusta on materiaalisessa maailmassa, jatkuvuudellisuudessa ja historiallisuudessa. Materiaalisen maailman objektit ovat osa sosiaalista mediaatiota ja merkityksenmuodostumista, joka perustuu merkkien ja niiden tulkitsemisen muodostamalle ketjulle eli semiosikselle. Autenttisuus on siis semiosista.

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    Authors: Fay-Leino, Rachel;

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of 3D imaging applications in conservation in a manner accessible to conservators. In order to do this, the basics of 3D imaging, as it applies to conservation, had to be discussed and explained and the history of 3D imaging in cultural heritage and conservation examined. Case studies were used as examples of the most relevant applications for this technology in conservation. Finally, a theoretical look was taken at the broader meaning of 3D imaging in the conservation field. The study found that a wide variety of applications are available in the conservation field, namely those of documentation, analysis, and monitoring. Some applications are currently accessible, while others will become more appropriate as costs are established and developments made. Conservation theories were examined to place 3D imaging into the broader context of conservation and to push for more cooperation and resources spent on the adoption of 3D imaging into the conservators’ toolbox. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli pohtia 3D mallintamisen sovelluksia konservoimisen puitteissa tavalla, joka tukisi konservaattoreiden työtä. Jotta tämä olisi mahdollista, 3D mallintamisen perusteet ja historia kulttuuriperinnön ja konservoimisen työkaluna piti käsitellä ja selittää. Tapaustutkimuksia käytettiin esimerkkeinä siitä, miten tätä teknologiaa voi soveltaa konservoinnin kannalta. Lopuksi 3D mallintamisen laajempaa merkitystä konservoinnissa tarkasteltiin teorian kautta. Konservoinnin teorioita tutkittiin, jotta 3D mallintamista voitaisiin tarkastella konservoinnin laajemmassa kontekstissa ja jotta yhteistyö ja resurssit tällä saralla lisääntyisivät niin, että 3D mallintamista pidettäisiin yhtenä konservaattoreiden työkaluista.

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    Theseus
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    Authors: Bhatta, Girija;

    The attic of Häme Castle has many undefined shapes because of structural deformation or weathering which is very difficult or impossible to represent accurately using parametric BIM objects. The historic styles of Häme Castle include organic shapes, which again can be more time consuming or difficult to model accurately using simple solid geometry. Häme Castle was scanned in the form of point cloud which was helpful to find the location of the structural components, but the 3D modelling could make it more beneficial. The features, such as heritage importance and values can be combined into the 3D model in a structured and consistent way which allows easy information uprooting and the production of deliverables. BIM offers a robust information management framework that can be highly beneficial for Häme Castle. Häme Castle has one of the oldest building trusses in Europe. It is assumed that the trusses of the main castle are 500 years old. By absorbing high-quality digital survey datasets, BIM does not only represent the image of the existing historic framework, but will also allow the investigating, quality checking and complex analysis of proposed involvement in various scenarios of the castle. The calculations done by the software are faster, more efficient, and easier to correct than the manual calculations. The amount of material needed for the building could help us to know the amount of money needed for the renovation or reconstruction of the building. The adoption of BIM in Häme Castle may drive by significant gains in terms of efficiency and cost savings during capital and operational stages in terms of spatial coordination and conservation planning through improved visualisation, analysis, and options appraisal. Working with BIM will experience reduced project risk, improved timelines, and better project outcomes. BIM appears less popular in terms of adoption by heritage professionals. If the information model of the Häme Castle is maintained, it can be an invaluable decision making and management tool for the castle throughout its life cycle. The purpose of this Bachelor's thesis was to demonstrate how to design the 3D model and conduct structural analysis of a historical building (Häme Castle) using Building information modeling (BIM) software. The analysis was done for trusses in a three-dimensional arrangement in RFEM software. As the result of the project work, the results were positive which proves that the main castle trusses are strong enough to bear all kind of loads.

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