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Interview guide for service developers interviews regarding a research infrastructure for the digital humanities and computational social sciencies.

This thesis examines Japanese castle reconstructions in the Heisei (1989–2019) and Reiwa eras (2019–) and links them to the ideas of cultural heritage and authenticity in traditional architecture. Japanese castles are opportune for examining the development of the role of architecture in cultural heritage throughout history. The role of castles as symbols of authority and later as symbols of local culture and history has changed according to the fluctuations of time and the needs of the contemporary people and thoughts. After majority of the feudal castles were demolished during Japan’s modernization, there have been three distinctive “booms” during which castles have been reconstructed. In the post-war era, dozens of ahistorical concrete replicas of castles were rebuilt concrete as local town symbols, and to many they symbolized the rebuilding of post-war Japan. From the early 1990s, however, a new castle boom has taken place, with the reconstructions emphasizing on using wood and historical evidence. Most notable of these reconstruction projects is the Nagoya Castle reconstruction project, in which the post-war concrete castle tower is to be demolished and rebuilt from wood using original methods and historical plans. This thesis examines these reconstructions in contemporary Japan, aiming to understand how authenticity and cultural heritage are related to this ongoing boom. In this study, a country-wide visitor survey on 10 Japanese castle sites was conducted, supported by two expert interviews from supervisors of two Heisei era castle reconstructions in Ōzu and Kakegawa cities. The findings supported the hypothesis, which suggested that the current appeal of castles is linked not only to their symbolic value to the castle towns, but also their value as objects of cultural heritage. This is why “authentic”, wooden reconstructions are preferred, which was evident from the visitor surveys, as all the respondents favored wooden reconstructions over concrete ones. Furthermore, majority of the respondents wished for more authentic castle reconstructions to be built.

Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on perehtyä ydinaseiden kehitykseen ja ydinasevaltioihin. Ydinaseiden keksimiseen johtavat ensimmäiset fysiikan havainnot tehtiin 1900-luvun alussa. Tämä huipentui fission keksimiseen ennen toista maailmansotaa. Fission, sekä samoihin aikoihin löydetyn plutoniumin avulla ydinaseista tuli mahdollisia. Ydinaseisiin tarvittava korkearikasteinen uraani tuotetaan luonnonuraanista nykyään yleensä kaasusentrifugeilla ja plutonium tavallisilla ydinreaktoreilla. Ydinpommeja on kahta eri tyyppiä: fissio- ja vetypommit. Fissiopommeja on puolestaan kahta erilaista: tykkityyppinen ja imploosiotyyppinen ase. Tykkityyppisessä voidaan käyttää vain korkearikasteista uraania, mutta imploosiotyyppisessä voidaan käyttää myös plutoniumia. Vetypommissa hyödynnetään fission lisäksi myös fuusiota. Ydinasevaltioita on tällä hetkellä yhdeksän, joista neljä tuottaa edelleen fissiiliä materiaalia asekäyttöön. Yksi suurimmista ydinaseiden vähentymiseen johtavista tekijöistä oli kansainvälinen ydinsulkusopimus, jolla myös estetään uusien ydinasevaltioiden synty. Tällä hetkellä ydinaseita on vain kaksi kertaa käytetty sodassa ja onkin todennäköistä, että niiden olemassaolon takia ei ole ollut maailmanlaajuista sotaa. Koska ydinaseiden poisto vaatisi myös fissiilien materiaalien asetuoton lopettamista ja laajaa, sekä avointa kansainvälistä yhteistyötä, on todennäköistä, että sitä ei tapahdu lähivuosina tai edes -vuosikymmeninä.

This thesis is intended to go over the compact history of motion captures development. Motion capture is a rapidly developing technology in the animation world and is constantly evolving, meaning that there is a lot of history to cover and that it is constantly updating. The goal of this paper is to cover some of the most historical occurrences within the development of motion capture, starting with when movement was first being tracked to produce other moving images, right up to when you can simply track and apply data to a model using a mobile phone. Some of the difficulties that were predicted to be encountered were that a lot of the technology nowadays is not publically released, as there is a strong market and competition regarding the technology. Development from early on was mostly conducted by universities, and was detailed and widely available. Now that there is a competitive market (mostly due to the entertainment industry) Many discoveries, while announced with great publicity, are often lacking in-depth descriptions of the actual mechanics and developmental processes. While researching for this paper it was found to be true that much of the data was unavailable, the more modern the technology the harder it was to find data on how things were created. Fortunately, the author of this paper works for a well-regarded entertainment studio that has access to their own large motion capture studio and veteran professionals. It was also a benefit that the name of the company had influence when contacting other professionals about motion capture.

This work stems from the various debates of the definition, authenticity and plurality of yoga traditions both among yoga practitioners and scholars. The work has two aims: to move away from these debates by constructing a new theoretical perspective, and to study yoga as a lived, non-ascetic practice in India because based on ethnography, because such ethnographic study has not been done properly. The material of this work is based on official field work in the city of Bangalore, in Karnātaka state, India, from the end of October 2005 towards the end of February 2006. This thesis then seeks to map the social reality of yoga as it existed in the mid 2000’s among the of middle-aged, middle-class Hindu practitioners. In this work, it is analyzed how they narrate yoga. Overview of yoga history is presented as a frame that both provides an intertextual library and guides interpretation as an authoritative voice of “past in the present”. Similarly, the traditional sources of authoritative knowledge in India, the Sanskritic textual canon and the institution of the guru are discussed. The yoga narratives gathered in Bangalore essentially informs the re-theorizing of yoga, shifting focus from tradition to knowledge. Knowledge is taken as the main analytical category of the discussion. The dialogic relationship of theory and practice is at the core this work which then translates into exploring yoga knowledge as two interconnected categories: objectified knowledge, that is theory and philosophy of yoga, and embodied knowledge, meaning not only the practiced techniques of yoga but essentially all yoga knowledge that is performed. Yoga classes and narratives are observed as knowledge performances. Lastly, practitioner narratives are analyzed by using the concepts of objectified and embodied knowledge, hierarchies of knowledge and participant roles in addition to exploring the narratives in their ethnographic context. As a result, the work concludes: each performance has the potential to integrate the theory and practice, and despite all the differences, all yoga is yoga.

Opinnäytetyössäni käsitellään poikkitaiteellisuutta sekä taideopetuksen että oman kuvallisen ilmaisun konteksteissa. Tavoitteena on ollut luoda perinteisen piirtämiseen tai maalaamiseen pohjautuvan kuvataideopetuksen rinnalle poikkitaiteellinen työpajamalli, jossa osallistujilla on mahdollisuus valita itseään kiinnostava ilmaisukeino, esimerkiksi ääni-, kuva-, tanssi- tai sanataide yhteisen produktion toteuttamiseksi. Opiskelijoiden taidekäsitystä laajentamalla on mahdollista saada myös pojat innostumaan taiteesta kaikille sopivana harrastusmuotona. Tarkastelun kohteena on ollut myös taiteen tekemisen kautta saatavat hyvinvointivaikutukset lasten, nuorten sekä myös omien mielenterveysongelmieni helpottajana. Menetelminä on käytetty toimintatutkimusta sekä autoetnografiaa. Työpajamalli pohjautuu lähdeaineistosta löytyvien poikkitaiteellisia opetusmenetelmiä käsittelevien tutkimusten tuloksiin, taiteen tekemisen todistetusti tuottamiin hyvinvointivaikutuksiin sekä omiin kokemuksiin taideopettajana ja taiteentekijänä. Lopuksi on esitelty poikkitaiteellisen työpajamallin sisällöt ja tavoitteet sekä pohdittu miten tutkimuksissa hyödylliseksi todettua opetusmetodia voisi toteuttaa yleissivistävässä koulutuksessa sekä vapaassa sivistystyössä. Koska työpajamallin testaus jää vielä toteuttamatta, ei sille asetettuja tavoitteita ole voitu arvioida tämän opinnäytetyön puitteissa.

This doctoral study was conducted as an inquiry of the international entrepreneur in order to balance off the domination of firm-level studies and limited discussion of the individual as the initial driver in the international entrepreneurship phenomenon (IE). Two research questions guide the study: ‘How do individuals make sense of themselves as becoming and being international entrepreneurs?’ and ‘How to theorise of individuals becoming and being international entrepreneurs through a narrative approach?’. With a processual view of the phenomenon, this study embraces IE as a journey and approaches histories and sense-making of individuals through narrative inquiry, paying attention to the different efforts by which entrepreneurs (and researchers) contextualize—and constitute—the personal-level IE journeys. The qualitative dataset consists of interviews and historical data. Data analysis builds on ‘hermeneutic reasoning’, suggesting that meanings and implications of journeys individuals have undertaken can be better grasped after they have unfolded in time. The findings in the four publications construct the contribution of this article-based dissertation. Publications I, II and III embrace narrative sense-making as meaning structure to past actions and lived events and illuminate how the international entrepreneurial ‘self’ as an actor and agent in retrospect manifests individuals as the ‘autobiographical authors’ in regard to developmental, transitional and generational experiences and their meanings in becoming and being an international entrepreneur. They provide evidence of how the founders’ sense-making and identity work feed into the behavioural orientations and ‘bounded and boundaryless’ career journeys of becoming and being international. Publications I, III and IV are novel attempts to address empirically the social historic process in which IE is embedded and its significance for the individual. When analysed against the (inter)generational backdrop of individuals’ actions and life-events, we may trace how international entrepreneurs are the protagonists of their own generations and leaving a legacy to the next.

This thesis focused on the issues of gender inequality in the Greek art field. The issues of gender inequality are visible throughout the history of art not just Greek but global due to the immense effect that Greek culture has had upon the development of Western civilization and its values through its Hellenic expansion. Hence, these societal issues are not just limited to Greece but are ubiquitous in the majority of the world. The repression of women and patriarchal hegemony are in need of attention in order to evoke changes to our future society. The thesis investigates the causes of inequality, looks at art history through a contemporary gender focused lens, discusses the importance of gender equality and establishes working methods that lead to progression and alteration of archaic values. The research methods chosen are analysis and of professional literature like books and articles relevant to the topic and semiotic analysis. The languages of sources used are English, French, German, Russian, Ukrainian and some limited sources in Greek. This thesis additionally contains a discussion and evaluation of its practical part. It is a creative project based on the researched topic and is titled “Story of a Maiden”. Its discussion serves further to consolidate the importance of women in the society as well as bring attention to how historically underappreciated the women of Greece have been. It utilises the form of performance that has been prior proven to be an effective method in both actionism and activism.

Maisterintutkielmassani tutkin kvantitatiivisin metodein, miten suomenkielisten romaanijulkaisujen monimuotoisuus on kehittynyt viimeisen 50 vuoden aikana. Tutkimukseni perustuu Kirjasampo-tietokannan metadataan suomalaisten julkisten kirjastojen kokoelmasta, ja keskityn analysoi- maan tekstin ulkoisia piirteitä. Moninaisuuden indikaattoreina käytän kirjoituskieliä, kirjailijoiden kansalaisuutta ja sukupuolta sekä romaanien genreluokituksia. Lisäksi tarkastelen julkaisijoita ja pohdin, kuinka he toimijaryhmänä vaikuttavat kirjallisuuden monimuotoisuuteen. Kvantitatiivisten analyysien rinnalla kuljetan digitaalisille ihmistieteille tyypillisesti runsaasti kvalitatiivisia havaintoja taustoittamaan tuloksia. Lähestyn kirjallisuutta kansainvälisenä dynaamisena kokonaisuutena, jossa eri kirjalliset kulttuurit ovat vuorovaikutuksessa toisiensa kanssa, muodostaen kirjalliseen tilaan paikallisia keskuksia ja periferioita. Ylirajaisuuden käsitteen avulla kuvaan, kuinka globalisoituvaa kirjallista kenttää on mahdotonta rajata kokonaan erillisiin kirjallisuuksiin, vaan se kehittyy yli kansallisuus-, kieli- ja genrerajojen. Tulokset osoittavat, että romaanikirjallisuus on 1990-luvun jälkeen alkanut kehittyä monimuotoisemmaksi määrittelemieni indikaattoreiden perusteella. Silti kenttää hallitsevat kotimaisen kirjallisuuden osalta suomenkielinen ja käännöskirjallisuuden osalta angloamerikkalainen sekä pohjoismainen kirjallisuus. Kustantajien tarkastelu viittaa siihen, että kentällä on paljon erikokoisia toimijoita. Erityisesti vuosituhannen vaihteen jälkeen pienten toimijoiden sekä omakustannejulkaisujen osuus on kasvanut ja haastanut kustantajien perinteisen roolin kirjallisuuden portinvartijana. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka kirjastojen metadataa voidaan käyttää hyväksi digitaalisessa kirjallisuudentutkimuksessa. Runsaudessaan Kirjasampo osoittautui monipuoliseksi tietolähteeksi, jonka perusteella voi tehdä päätelmiä suomalaisen kirjallisuuden laajoista kehityskaarista.