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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    Manuel González Zeledón (Magón, 1864-1936) lawyer and writer, is the author of Cuentos, of which the first complete edition was published by the Universidad de Costa Rica in 1947. In this article an analysis is made of the references on coins and paper money made by Magón in 26 of his 44 cuentos. A total of 173 references of numismatic interest provide the reader with a view of the cost of living in the city of San José from about 1871 to 1910. The most often cited coins are the reales (36 times), followed by the pesos (29), the 5 and 10 cents coins (14), and the gold colones (12). Magón was probably aware of the usefulness of this information for future generations. However, this legacy dispersed in his Cuentos, has not received attention until now. Manuel González Zeledón (Magón, 1864-1936), abogado y escritor, es el autor de los Cuentos, cuya primera edición completa fue publicada por la Universidad de Costa Rica en 1947. En este artículo se hace un análisis de las referencias sobre monedas y billetes que hace Magón en 26 de sus 44 cuentos. Un total de 173 referencias de interés numismático dan al lector un panorama sobre el costo de la vida en la ciudad de San José aproximadamente entre 1871 y 1910. Las monedas más citadas son los reales (36 veces), seguidos por los pesos (29), las monedas de 5 y 10 centavos (14), y los colones de oro (12). Magón posiblemente era conocedor de la utilidad de esta información para las generaciones futuras. Sin embargo, esta herencia dispersa en sus Cuentos no había recibido atención hasta ahora.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    The costarican poet Aquileo J. Echeverría (1866-1909), is the author of the book Concherías, whose third edition was published in 1927. Sections of Concherías, with references to coins used in Costa Rica at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, are included in this essay. Silver coins, such as the reales, and gold coins, such as the onzas, were mentioned by Aquileo to indicate prices for goods, wages, gifts, and services. The coins mentioned provide the reader with reference points to better understand the lifestyles of the early Costa Rican peasants known as conchos. A portrait of Aquileo was engraved in the 10 colones bank notes issued between 1951 and 1962, the year when the Aquileo J. Echeverría National Award was established to honor outstanding literary works. This essay is a contribution to commemorate the centennial of the death of this poet. El poeta costarricense Aquileo J. Echeverría (1866-1909) es el autor del libro Concherías, cuya tercera edición fue publicada en 1927. Secciones de Concherías, con las citas de monedas utilizadas a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, se incluyen en este ensayo. Aquileo menciona monedas de plata, como los reales,y de oro, como las onzas, para indicar precios de objetos, salarios, regalos y servicios. Las monedas proveen al lector con puntos de referencia para entender mejor los estilos de vida de los antiguos campesinos costarricenses, llamados conchos. La figura de Aquileo fue grabada en los billetes de 10 colones emitidos entre 1951 y 1962, año en que se establece el Premio Nacional Aquileo J. Echeverría para honrar obras de literatura sobresalientes. Este ensayo es una contribución a la conmemoración del centenario de la muerte del poeta.

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    In the Spanish America silver reales were used as coins (8 reales = 1 peso). The first silver coins were brought probably to Costa Rica by the spaniards who founded Garcimuñoz (1561), and Cartago (1563). Cob coins from the colonial mints, as well as spanish coins, circulated from the colonial period until the mid XIX century. In 1845, Costa Rica counter stamped spanish pesetas, equivalent to two reales, giving origin to the nickname peseta for all 2 reales, 1⁄4 peso, 25 centavos, and 25 céntimos coins, that circulated in this country. This writing presents a brief description of the types of coins of these values, and gives examples of some users of money in the country, from colonial times until mid XX century. The peseta coins have not contain silver since 1935, and dissappeared as currency several years after they were last issued in 1989; however, in 2009 most of the costaricans remember using the peseta of two reales, and still use the terms plata (silver) and pesos when referring to money En la América española se utilizaron los reales de plata como monedas (8 reales = 1 peso). Las primeras monedas de plata fueron traídas probablemente a Costa Rica por los españoles que fundaron Garcimuñoz (1561), y Cartago (1563). Monedas macuquinas de las cecas coloniales, y monedas españolas, circularon desde la época colonial hasta mediados del siglo XIX. En 1845, Costa Rica reselló pesetas españolas, equivalentes a dos reales, originando el sobrenombre pesetapara todas las monedas posteriores de 2 reales, ¼de peso, 25 centavos, y 25 céntimos, que circularon en el país. Este escrito presenta una descripción breve de los tipos de moneda costarricense de esos valores, y da ejemplos de algunos usuarios de dinero en el país, desde la época colonial hasta mediados del siglo XX. Las pesetas ya no contenían plata desde 1935 y desaparecieron como circulante unos pocos años después de la última emisión en 1989; sin embargo, en el 2009 la mayoría de los costarricenses recuerdan el uso de la peseta de dos reales y todavía utilizan los términos plata y pesos cuando se refieren al dinero.

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    Las monedas de Costa Rica incluyen una variedad de ilustraciones de plantas, desde una palmera (Attalea rostrata ?) en la primera moneda de oro conocida (1825), hasta un alga marina (Caulerpa prolifera ?) en una pieza conmemorativa de 1974. Las semillas del cacao (Theobroma cacao) fueron uti- lizadas legalmente desde 1709 como moneda. El árbol nacional (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), y la flor nacional (Guarianthe skinneri), una orquídea, fueron ambas representadas en monedas conmemorativas de 1975 y la orquídea nuevamente en una pieza de plata de 1983. El café (Coffea arabica) y el tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum), están representadas como plantas completas en monedas de 1842 y 1847-1850, respectivamente. Las ramas de café han sido ilustradas en la mayoría de las monedas a partir de 1935. El árbol del algodón sedoso (Ceiba pentandra) y una especie siempre verde de encina (Quercus sp ?) han sido grabadas en piezas de mediados del siglo XIX. Ilustraciones similares al mirto (Myrtus communis) y a una especie desconocida de palma, fueron incluidas en coronas en las monedas desde 1842. El laurel (Laurus nobilis) es mencionado en decretos desde 1863. Sin embargo, diseños más similares a M. communis que a L. nobilis fueron incluidos en monedas de oro y plata. The coins of Costa Rica include a variety of plant illustrations, ranging from a palm tree (Attalea rostrata ?) on the first known gold coin (1825), to a marine green algae (Caulerpa prolifera ?) on a silver commemorative piece of 1974. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds were legalized for use as currency in 1709. The national tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), and the national flower (Guarianthe skinneri) an orquid, were both represented in commemorative coins of 1975, and again the orchid in a silver piece of 1983. Coffee (Coffea arabica) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), are represented as whole plants in coins of 1842 and 1847-1850, respectively. Coffee branches have been used since 1935 on most coins. The silk cot- ton tree (Ceiba pentandra), and an evergreen oak species (Quercus sp ?) are featured in mid XIX century pieces. Illustrations similar to the myrtle (Myrtus communis), and an unknown species of palm, were com- monly used as wreaths in coins since 1842. Laurel (Laurus nobilis) is mentioned in decrees since 1863. However, desings more similar to M. cummunis than to L. nobilis were included in gold and silver coins. 

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.; Gómez Laurito, Jorge;

    Los billetes bancarios y los boletos de café de Costa Rica incluyen ilustraciones de varias plantas. La hoja del acanto (Acanthus sp.) es utilizada como ornamentación en muchos billetes desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta finales del siglo XX. La ilustración botánica más conocida es la orquídea Guarianthe skinneri, flor nacional de Costa Rica, incluida en el anverso de los billetes de 5 colones emitidos de 1968 a 1992. El grabado más común desde 1935 en las monedas es la rama (bandola) del café (Coffea arabica) con frutos. Los boletos de café, en uso en Costa Rica desde la mitad del siglo XIX, incluyen varias formas de representar al arbusto del cafeto. También se utilizaron boletos con ilustraciones de varias especies de otras plantas, como el mirto (Myrtus communis). La industria cafetalera en Costa Rica tuvo sus inicios en 1840 con las primeras exportaciones y se convirtió en el principal cultivo del país. En este trabajo citamos los nombres de algunas plantas asociadas a la actividad cafetalera, incluyendo algunas malezas, árboles utiliza- dos para definir los límites de los cafetales y para sombra, así como algunas fibras vegetales utilizadas en la elaboración de los canastos para recoger el fruto maduro. The bank notes and coffe tokens of Costa Rica include illustrations of several species of plants. The leaf of the Acanthus sp. plant is used as an ornament in paper money from the mid XIX century to the end of the XX century. The most widely known botanical illustration of Costa Rica is the orchid, Guarianthe skinneri, the national flower, featured in the 5 colones bank notes issued from 1968 to 1992. The most common illustration in coins since 1935 is the coffee (Coffea arabica) branch (bandola) with fruits. Coffee tokens, used in Costa Rica since the mid of the XIX century, include a variety of plant forms representing the coffee tree. Coffee tokens also include illustrations of other plants, like the myrtle (Myrtus communis). The coffee industry in Costa Rica had its origins in 1840 with the first coffee exports, and soon coffee became the main crop of the country. In this work we cite some species used in coffee plantations as live fences and shade, and also some common weeds. We also mention several plant fibers used in the elaboration of the canastos, the baskets used to collect the ripe coffee fruits. 

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    On August 30th, 1848, Dr. Castro Madriz (last Chief of State and first President), issued the decree by which Costa Rica left the Central American Federation and became a Republic. Between 1850 and 1864 the gold coins of the Republic of Costa Rica, with face values of 1⁄2, 1, 2 and 4 escudos, had the Coat of Arms engraved on the obverse and a standing indian woman on the reverse. In this paper I describe: the details of the figure of the standing indian, and of similar figures in other coins, the number of coins minted and their abundance today, and also the presentation of gold coins as a reward to the soldiers of the National Campaign against the filibusters (1856-57). I also include information on the gold mines of the Aguacate mountains, the miners who extracted the mineral, the methods used to test the gold content of coins, and the assayers of the San José Mint in the mid XIX century. El 30 de agosto de 1848, el Dr. Castro Madriz (último Jefe de Estado y primer Presidente), emitió el decreto mediante el cual Costa Rica dejó la Federación Centroamericana y se constituyó en República. Entre 1850 y 1864 las monedas de oro de la República de Costa Rica, con valores faciales de 1/2, 1, 2, y 4 escudos, llevaron el Escudo de Armas en el anverso y la imagen de una india en pie en el reverso. En este artículo describo: detalles de la india en pie y de figuras semejantes en otras monedas, el número de monedas acuñadas y su abundancia actual, así como la entrega de monedas de oro como recompensa a los soldados de la Campaña Nacional contra los filibusteros (1856-57). Además, incluyo información de las minas de oro en los montes del Aguacate, de los mineros que extrajeron el mineral, de los métodos usados para probar el contenido de oro en las monedas y de los ensayadores de la Casa de Moneda de San José a mediados del siglo XIX.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    Manuel González Zeledón (Magón, 1864-1936) lawyer and writer, is the author of Cuentos, of which the first complete edition was published by the Universidad de Costa Rica in 1947. In this article an analysis is made of the references on coins and paper money made by Magón in 26 of his 44 cuentos. A total of 173 references of numismatic interest provide the reader with a view of the cost of living in the city of San José from about 1871 to 1910. The most often cited coins are the reales (36 times), followed by the pesos (29), the 5 and 10 cents coins (14), and the gold colones (12). Magón was probably aware of the usefulness of this information for future generations. However, this legacy dispersed in his Cuentos, has not received attention until now. Manuel González Zeledón (Magón, 1864-1936), abogado y escritor, es el autor de los Cuentos, cuya primera edición completa fue publicada por la Universidad de Costa Rica en 1947. En este artículo se hace un análisis de las referencias sobre monedas y billetes que hace Magón en 26 de sus 44 cuentos. Un total de 173 referencias de interés numismático dan al lector un panorama sobre el costo de la vida en la ciudad de San José aproximadamente entre 1871 y 1910. Las monedas más citadas son los reales (36 veces), seguidos por los pesos (29), las monedas de 5 y 10 centavos (14), y los colones de oro (12). Magón posiblemente era conocedor de la utilidad de esta información para las generaciones futuras. Sin embargo, esta herencia dispersa en sus Cuentos no había recibido atención hasta ahora.

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    The costarican poet Aquileo J. Echeverría (1866-1909), is the author of the book Concherías, whose third edition was published in 1927. Sections of Concherías, with references to coins used in Costa Rica at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, are included in this essay. Silver coins, such as the reales, and gold coins, such as the onzas, were mentioned by Aquileo to indicate prices for goods, wages, gifts, and services. The coins mentioned provide the reader with reference points to better understand the lifestyles of the early Costa Rican peasants known as conchos. A portrait of Aquileo was engraved in the 10 colones bank notes issued between 1951 and 1962, the year when the Aquileo J. Echeverría National Award was established to honor outstanding literary works. This essay is a contribution to commemorate the centennial of the death of this poet. El poeta costarricense Aquileo J. Echeverría (1866-1909) es el autor del libro Concherías, cuya tercera edición fue publicada en 1927. Secciones de Concherías, con las citas de monedas utilizadas a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, se incluyen en este ensayo. Aquileo menciona monedas de plata, como los reales,y de oro, como las onzas, para indicar precios de objetos, salarios, regalos y servicios. Las monedas proveen al lector con puntos de referencia para entender mejor los estilos de vida de los antiguos campesinos costarricenses, llamados conchos. La figura de Aquileo fue grabada en los billetes de 10 colones emitidos entre 1951 y 1962, año en que se establece el Premio Nacional Aquileo J. Echeverría para honrar obras de literatura sobresalientes. Este ensayo es una contribución a la conmemoración del centenario de la muerte del poeta.

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    In the Spanish America silver reales were used as coins (8 reales = 1 peso). The first silver coins were brought probably to Costa Rica by the spaniards who founded Garcimuñoz (1561), and Cartago (1563). Cob coins from the colonial mints, as well as spanish coins, circulated from the colonial period until the mid XIX century. In 1845, Costa Rica counter stamped spanish pesetas, equivalent to two reales, giving origin to the nickname peseta for all 2 reales, 1⁄4 peso, 25 centavos, and 25 céntimos coins, that circulated in this country. This writing presents a brief description of the types of coins of these values, and gives examples of some users of money in the country, from colonial times until mid XX century. The peseta coins have not contain silver since 1935, and dissappeared as currency several years after they were last issued in 1989; however, in 2009 most of the costaricans remember using the peseta of two reales, and still use the terms plata (silver) and pesos when referring to money En la América española se utilizaron los reales de plata como monedas (8 reales = 1 peso). Las primeras monedas de plata fueron traídas probablemente a Costa Rica por los españoles que fundaron Garcimuñoz (1561), y Cartago (1563). Monedas macuquinas de las cecas coloniales, y monedas españolas, circularon desde la época colonial hasta mediados del siglo XIX. En 1845, Costa Rica reselló pesetas españolas, equivalentes a dos reales, originando el sobrenombre pesetapara todas las monedas posteriores de 2 reales, ¼de peso, 25 centavos, y 25 céntimos, que circularon en el país. Este escrito presenta una descripción breve de los tipos de moneda costarricense de esos valores, y da ejemplos de algunos usuarios de dinero en el país, desde la época colonial hasta mediados del siglo XX. Las pesetas ya no contenían plata desde 1935 y desaparecieron como circulante unos pocos años después de la última emisión en 1989; sin embargo, en el 2009 la mayoría de los costarricenses recuerdan el uso de la peseta de dos reales y todavía utilizan los términos plata y pesos cuando se refieren al dinero.

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    Las monedas de Costa Rica incluyen una variedad de ilustraciones de plantas, desde una palmera (Attalea rostrata ?) en la primera moneda de oro conocida (1825), hasta un alga marina (Caulerpa prolifera ?) en una pieza conmemorativa de 1974. Las semillas del cacao (Theobroma cacao) fueron uti- lizadas legalmente desde 1709 como moneda. El árbol nacional (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), y la flor nacional (Guarianthe skinneri), una orquídea, fueron ambas representadas en monedas conmemorativas de 1975 y la orquídea nuevamente en una pieza de plata de 1983. El café (Coffea arabica) y el tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum), están representadas como plantas completas en monedas de 1842 y 1847-1850, respectivamente. Las ramas de café han sido ilustradas en la mayoría de las monedas a partir de 1935. El árbol del algodón sedoso (Ceiba pentandra) y una especie siempre verde de encina (Quercus sp ?) han sido grabadas en piezas de mediados del siglo XIX. Ilustraciones similares al mirto (Myrtus communis) y a una especie desconocida de palma, fueron incluidas en coronas en las monedas desde 1842. El laurel (Laurus nobilis) es mencionado en decretos desde 1863. Sin embargo, diseños más similares a M. communis que a L. nobilis fueron incluidos en monedas de oro y plata. The coins of Costa Rica include a variety of plant illustrations, ranging from a palm tree (Attalea rostrata ?) on the first known gold coin (1825), to a marine green algae (Caulerpa prolifera ?) on a silver commemorative piece of 1974. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds were legalized for use as currency in 1709. The national tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), and the national flower (Guarianthe skinneri) an orquid, were both represented in commemorative coins of 1975, and again the orchid in a silver piece of 1983. Coffee (Coffea arabica) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), are represented as whole plants in coins of 1842 and 1847-1850, respectively. Coffee branches have been used since 1935 on most coins. The silk cot- ton tree (Ceiba pentandra), and an evergreen oak species (Quercus sp ?) are featured in mid XIX century pieces. Illustrations similar to the myrtle (Myrtus communis), and an unknown species of palm, were com- monly used as wreaths in coins since 1842. Laurel (Laurus nobilis) is mentioned in decrees since 1863. However, desings more similar to M. cummunis than to L. nobilis were included in gold and silver coins. 

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.; Gómez Laurito, Jorge;

    Los billetes bancarios y los boletos de café de Costa Rica incluyen ilustraciones de varias plantas. La hoja del acanto (Acanthus sp.) es utilizada como ornamentación en muchos billetes desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta finales del siglo XX. La ilustración botánica más conocida es la orquídea Guarianthe skinneri, flor nacional de Costa Rica, incluida en el anverso de los billetes de 5 colones emitidos de 1968 a 1992. El grabado más común desde 1935 en las monedas es la rama (bandola) del café (Coffea arabica) con frutos. Los boletos de café, en uso en Costa Rica desde la mitad del siglo XIX, incluyen varias formas de representar al arbusto del cafeto. También se utilizaron boletos con ilustraciones de varias especies de otras plantas, como el mirto (Myrtus communis). La industria cafetalera en Costa Rica tuvo sus inicios en 1840 con las primeras exportaciones y se convirtió en el principal cultivo del país. En este trabajo citamos los nombres de algunas plantas asociadas a la actividad cafetalera, incluyendo algunas malezas, árboles utiliza- dos para definir los límites de los cafetales y para sombra, así como algunas fibras vegetales utilizadas en la elaboración de los canastos para recoger el fruto maduro. The bank notes and coffe tokens of Costa Rica include illustrations of several species of plants. The leaf of the Acanthus sp. plant is used as an ornament in paper money from the mid XIX century to the end of the XX century. The most widely known botanical illustration of Costa Rica is the orchid, Guarianthe skinneri, the national flower, featured in the 5 colones bank notes issued from 1968 to 1992. The most common illustration in coins since 1935 is the coffee (Coffea arabica) branch (bandola) with fruits. Coffee tokens, used in Costa Rica since the mid of the XIX century, include a variety of plant forms representing the coffee tree. Coffee tokens also include illustrations of other plants, like the myrtle (Myrtus communis). The coffee industry in Costa Rica had its origins in 1840 with the first coffee exports, and soon coffee became the main crop of the country. In this work we cite some species used in coffee plantations as live fences and shade, and also some common weeds. We also mention several plant fibers used in the elaboration of the canastos, the baskets used to collect the ripe coffee fruits. 

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    Authors: Vargas Zamora, José A.;

    On August 30th, 1848, Dr. Castro Madriz (last Chief of State and first President), issued the decree by which Costa Rica left the Central American Federation and became a Republic. Between 1850 and 1864 the gold coins of the Republic of Costa Rica, with face values of 1⁄2, 1, 2 and 4 escudos, had the Coat of Arms engraved on the obverse and a standing indian woman on the reverse. In this paper I describe: the details of the figure of the standing indian, and of similar figures in other coins, the number of coins minted and their abundance today, and also the presentation of gold coins as a reward to the soldiers of the National Campaign against the filibusters (1856-57). I also include information on the gold mines of the Aguacate mountains, the miners who extracted the mineral, the methods used to test the gold content of coins, and the assayers of the San José Mint in the mid XIX century. El 30 de agosto de 1848, el Dr. Castro Madriz (último Jefe de Estado y primer Presidente), emitió el decreto mediante el cual Costa Rica dejó la Federación Centroamericana y se constituyó en República. Entre 1850 y 1864 las monedas de oro de la República de Costa Rica, con valores faciales de 1/2, 1, 2, y 4 escudos, llevaron el Escudo de Armas en el anverso y la imagen de una india en pie en el reverso. En este artículo describo: detalles de la india en pie y de figuras semejantes en otras monedas, el número de monedas acuñadas y su abundancia actual, así como la entrega de monedas de oro como recompensa a los soldados de la Campaña Nacional contra los filibusteros (1856-57). Además, incluyo información de las minas de oro en los montes del Aguacate, de los mineros que extrajeron el mineral, de los métodos usados para probar el contenido de oro en las monedas y de los ensayadores de la Casa de Moneda de San José a mediados del siglo XIX.

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