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Convicts Life In James Tucker's The Adventures Of Ralph Rashleigh. Convicts transported from Britain to Australia are one of historical phenomenon. This research is aimed to describe the convicts life in the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century in Australia as illustrated in The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh by James Tucker. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected by using library research and it was analyzed by applying sociological approach proposed by Swingewood (1972) who revealed three classifications of sociology of literature. In this case, the researcher focused on the classification of sociology as the mirror of age. The result of this research showed that the convicts alive harshly in Australia where the flogging was a common punishment for them

Pembahasan dalam tulisan singkat ini terdiri dari tiga bagian utama. Bagian pertama akan membahas dengan singkat asal usul bahasa Arab dan datangnya agama Islam sebagai awal yang penting dalam membentuk dan mengkaji bahasa Arab. Bagian kedua akan membahas tentang Perubahan dan pembaharuan sejarah dalam bahasa Arab selama periode awal Islam (sastra Arab) dan periode pertengahan, dalam arti yang luas, meliputi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan sikap para cendikiawan pada saat itu. Dan pada bagian akhir, untuk memperoleh secara utuh permasalahan modern dari Perubahan dan pembaharuan bahasa Arab tersebut, dua sarjana kontemporer Timur Tengah dipilih untuk memberi komentar terhadap masalah ini.

This paper describes the history and development of tafsir in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darusalam, Singapore and Thailand, aimed at providing a new discourse to the academic world, that Islam has another treasure in Far Asia, which is known as a pluralistic country because Islam entered in those countries without any wars. And to provide information related the books, author influence, and method of their tafsir in general.

Melodrama reflects and constructs ideology. In American melodrama, the dominant social group imposed its ideology by constructing the standard American identity and its opposite through the heroes and villains. In the four plays discussed, the standard is pictured through the heroes in terms of their ability to get financial success, their acceptance of the Protestant moral codes, and their being white. Thus, in the world of melodrama people of color as well as financially deprived people are marginalized.

This study investigated the effectiveness in implementing the Flipped Classroom model in teaching History and to identify the students' perceptions using this approach towards their learning. The chosen History topic was on ‘James Brooke's activities in Sarawak in the 1840s'. The sample consisted of twelve students from two Year 9 classes in one of the secondary schools in Brunei Darussalam. In adopting the Flipped Classroom approach, the students were required to watch a video lesson outside the classroom setting. To measure its effectiveness, a test instrument was used, and five students were interviewed. The findings revealed that the utilisation of this instructional method was effective in teaching History, as there were improvements in the students' test results. The analyses of the students' perceptions using this approach revealed that while some students believed that it helped them improve in their communication and writing skills, others did not perceive it effective for their learning.

The history of Nusantara was since 1600s broken down by the Europeans, so that it has developed not in a "natural" way, in which the governmental style in the independence Indonesia was always in the tendency to centralism, and this has demolished the individual and also local governmental creativities. To make Indonesia back to its "own" socio-political development, the author argues that the decentralisation policies were not satisfied enough and suggests four perspectives on the relation between Kabupaten-Province-State in the 21" century: firstly, the relationship between them should be based on the subsidiary principal, not hierarchical but co-operative, coordinative and many-sided; secondly, the election system should be districtly and the election of the governmental chefs directly; thirdly, the capital city of every governmental level should be moved each 15-20 years; and fourthly, every political actor should be educated so that s/he is od,ready to compromise and the bureaucracy (includes the army) should be professional and clean.

: The Ratification of the Islamic Banking Act in Political Perspective. This article discusses the history of the formation of Islamic banking in Indonesia. At first, in the New Order era, the relationship between Muslims and the government was filled with suspicion and prejudice that every activities related to Islam was considered as an attempt to actualize the Jakarta Charter or to establish an Islamic state. However, when Indonesia experienced economic hardship followed by changes in the structure of politics/government, the idea of Indonesian Muslims to establish shariah bank can ultimately be realized. The success of the establishment of the shariah banking institutions, in many ways, can not be separated from the then political circumstances.

Melodrama has long been considered as a genre with no artistic value by theatre/drama historians. It is there to cater the tastes of the lower class or the popular society; thus, it is not a genre worthy of literary scholars. Through New Historicism lens, however, such a consideration is given by people with elitist point of view. As it is discussed in the following paper, melodrama has a lot to offer. It has been a genre with a lot of values attached to it since it's "birth" in France, its development in England, and maturation in the United States. Unlike the other genres, which are not free from values and biases, melodrama is more frank in delivering its messages.

Indonesia, even though state gives a concession on moderate on religious matter, the phenomena shows that the radical Islamic group tries to intervene religious matter in Indonesia. Thus it might dangerous to manage the diversity that becomes national emblem. In this paper, I argue that democratic society should regulate and control religious activity. I have two reasons about it. My reasons are based on Indonesian experiences. First, the democratic society prevents activities of a majority religion that contain radical political activities and tried to force their values to other citizens.. The Second is the democratic society has a strong idea to protect minority and their religions.

: Aceh dalam Sejarah: Mempertahankan Tradisi dan Mengawal Modernitas. Tulisan ini berupaya mendiskusikan secara kritis tentang bagaimana masyarakat Aceh dalam sejarah, sementara mencoba menyesuaikan diri dengan dunia modern, mereka melakukan segala upaya untuk mempertahankan tradisi. Sebagai sebuah etnik yang memiliki masa lalu yang gemilang, Aceh senantiasa memiliki keterikatan kuat dengan “identitas”, dan hal ini dituangkan dalam banyak hal, termasuk “ingatan sosial.” Untuk itu, “tradisi”, digali dan dipertahankan. Namun, tantangan modernitas juga merupakan hal yang harus direspon dan disikapi. Dalam konteks inilah kelihatannya masyarakat Aceh berada di persimpangan jalan. Di satu pihak mereka berupaya mempertahankan tradisi yang telah ada namun juga harus melibatkan diri dalam kehidupan modern. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa masyarakat Aceh masih menemukan kesulitan dalam hal ini, karena mereka masih terpaku kepada “romantisasi sejarah”, bukan “kesadaran sejarah”, sehingga “ruh” masa lalu belum mampu dibawa ke masa kini. : This paper attempts to critically discuss on how the Acehnese in history, while trying to embrace the modern world, have made every effort at preserving their traditions. As an ethnic group which has a glorious past, Aceh has strongly been connected to “identity”; and this is expressed in various means, including “social memory.” For this very reason, “traditions”, including those of the past, are explored and preserved. Yet, the challenges of modernity are also apparent. It is in this context that the Acehnese are trapped at the crossroad. On the one hand, they tend to preserve their traditions, yet, on the other, they need to embrace modern lives. The Acehnese seem to have encountered considerable obstacles on this issue, for they tend to focus more on historical “romanticism” (nostalgia) rather than historical “awareness” (consciousness). Eventually, the “spirit” of the past cannot be brought into light.