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The first issue of Nature Reviews Neuroscience was published 20 years ago, in 2000. To mark this anniversary, in this Viewpoint article we asked a selection of researchers from across the field who have authored pieces published in the journal in recent years for their thoughts on notable and interesting developments in neuroscience, and particularly in their areas of the field, over the past two decades. They also provide some thoughts on current lines of research and questions that excite them.

Research carried out for this paper has benefited from the following: “Síntesis del Paleolitico medio y superior en Valencia y Murcia: aspectos cronológicos, paleoambientales, económicos y culturales” (HAR2017-85153-P/MICINN), “El pasado lejano: aproximación a la conducta y la ocupación del territorio en el paleolítico valenciano” (PROMETEO/2017/060), “Neanderthal behaviour and paleoecology in Mediterranean ecosystems” (PID2019-103987GB-C31), “Redefiniendo forma, uso y expresión cultural en el Paleolítico medio” (SI1/PJI/2019-00488) and the Research Group nº 2017 SGR 836 of the Catalan Government. The Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA) has received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the ‘María de Maeztu’ programme for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000945-M). The research by B.G.d.S, M.V., P.S., E.C., J.V. and M.G.CH is funded by CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. A.E was supported by 2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation. A.B. is supported by a European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action grant PREKARN n:702584 and Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (IJCI-2019-041546-I). Excavations at the Abric Romaní were performed with the support of the Departament de Cultura (Servei d’Arqueologia i Patrimoni) of the Generalitat de Catalunya (CLT009/18/00054), Ajuntament de Capellades, Oficina Patrimoni Cultural- Diputació de Barcelona, ORROEL SL–Romanyà-VallsTallers Gràfics Romanyà-Valls, Bercontres-Centre de Gestió Medioambiental SL and the Constructora de Calaf SAU. This paper presents the limestone reduction sequences documented in levels M and Ob at Abric Romaní from a technological point of view. At level M, a recurrent knapping system has been identified, resulting in the frequency of pseudo-Levallois blanks. At archaeolevel Ob, the presence of Levallois methods are observed in association with this knapping system. In both cases, retouched tools are rare and dominated by notches and denticulates. Although it is not well-known the degree of similarity and difference between the two levels in relation to occupational patterns is not well understood, Neanderthals employed more opportunistic knapping strategies, investing less time and energy in the procurement of raw materials including for chert. In level Ob, although limestone is still collected in the local fluvial deposits, differences in raw material procurement have been identified for chert. Results show the plasticity and versality that Neanderthals had and how they took advantage of the different abiotic resources they had around them. In this paper, we discuss the limestone technology at Abric Romaní in the context of the Iberian Peninsula.

This document contains the abstracts for the 2018 Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018) which was held at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, 23 to 24 August, 2018..

Agli inizi del secolo XVI, Giovan Luca Barberi, Maestro notaio della Real Cancelleria del Regno di Sicilia, fu protagonista di una lunga e intensa inquisitio, per conto di Ferdinando II d’Aragona, sul patrimonio regio dell’isola e sui possedimenti della feudalità locale. Questa celebre indagine è stata al centro di alcuni importanti studi che ne hanno messo principalmente in evidenza gli aspetti giurisprudenziali e le conseguenze politiche sull’isola. Tuttavia, se analizzata in una “chiave” amministrativa, l’opera di Barberi (i cosiddetti capibrevi) risulta innanzi tutto come una straordinaria impresa archivistica, frutto di una profonda e complessa indagine tra le scritture e i depositi documentari del Regno, e strettamente connessa al ruolo di Maestro notaio che lo stesso Barberi ebbe all’interno della Cancelleria siciliana. Il presente studio si pone quindi l’obiettivo, da una parte, di descrivere le dinamiche che, tra la fine del Trecento e il secolo successivo, permearono il funzionamento della Real Cancelleria dell’isola e i compiti del suo personale, nonché i sistemi di produzione, registrazione e conservazione delle scritture; dall’altra parte, alla luce di quanto detto in merito al funzionamento della Cancelleria siciliana, si vuole proporre una rielaborazione complessiva dell’interpretazione dell’inquisitio barberiana, illustrando nel dettaglio come il Maestro notaio si sia servito degli archivi del Regno e come abbia portato avanti la propria indagine, ovvero in che modo abbia utilizzato e organizzato le informazioni a sua disposizione per compilare i capibrevi. Reti Medievali Rivista, Vol 17, N° 2 (2016)

We conducted palynological, sedimentological, and chronological analyses of a coastal sediment sequence to investigate landscape evolution and agropastoral practices in the Nao Cap region (Spain, Western Mediterranean) since the Holocene. The results allowed for a reconstruction of vegetation, fire, and erosion dynamics in the area, implicating the role of fire in vegetation turnover at 5300 (mesophilous forests replaced by sclerophyllous scrubs) and at 3200 calibrated before present (cal. BP) (more xerophytics). Cereal cultivation was apparent from the beginning of the record, during the Mid-Neolithic period. From 5300 to 3800 cal. BP, long-lasting soil erosion was associated with the presence of cereals, indicating intense land-use during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods. The decline of the agriculture signal and vegetal recolonization is likely explained by land abandonment during the Final Bronze Age. Anthropogenic markers reappeared during the Iberian period when more settlements were present. A contingency of human and environmental agencies was found at 5900, 4200, and 2800 cal. BP, coinciding with abrupt climate events, that have manifested locally in reduced spring discharge, an absence of agropastoral evidence, and a marked decline in settlement densities. This case study, covering five millennia and three climate events, highlights how past climate changes have affected human activities, and also shows that people repeatedly reoccupied the coast once the perturbation was gone. The littoral zone remained attractive for prehistoric communities despite the costs of living in an area exposed to climatic hazards, such as droughts. International audience

Abstract P.Masada 723 is an important source on medical practice within the Roman army. A revision of the text shows the use of woollen bandages for the wounded, and gives us a better understanding of the section referring to the sick. A palaeographical reconsideration of the document proves it to be an example of duplex manus, the phenomenon by which different graphical levels correspond to different textual sections.

Abstract Identification and characterization of ancient proteins still require technical developments towards non-invasiveness, sensitivity, versatility and ease of use of the analyses. We report that the enzyme functionalized films, described in Cicatiello et al. (2018), can be used efficiently on the surface of different objects ranging from fixative-coated paper to canvas to the coating on an albumen photograph, as well as the much harder surfaces of ivory objects and the proteinaceous binders in the decoration of a wooden Egyptian coffin. The mixture of digested peptides that are efficiently captured on the functionalized surface are also amenable to LC-MS/MS analysis, which is necessary to confidently identify chemical modifications induced upon degradation, in order to characterize the conservation state of proteins. Moreover, in a two-step procedure, we have combined the trypsin functionalized film with a PNGaseF functionalized film, which adds a deglycosylation pretreatment allowing improved detection of glycosylated proteins. Significance User friendly trypsin functionalized films were implemented to expand their potential as versatile, modular tools that can be widely exploited in the world of diagnosis of cultural heritage objects, ancient proteins, and palaeoproteomics: a procedure that could be carried out by conservators or archaeologists first on-site and later analysed with standard MS techniques.