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There is widespread interest in the relationship between the neurobiological systems supporting human cognition and emerging computational systems capable of emulating these capacities. Human speech comprehension, poorly understood as a neurobiological process, is an important case in point. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems with near-human levels of performance are now available, which provide a computationally explicit solution for the recognition of words in continuous speech. This research aims to bridge the gap between speech recognition processes in humans and machines, using novel multivariate techniques to compare incremental ‘machine states’, generated as the ASR analysis progresses over time, to the incremental ‘brain states’, measured using combined electro- and magneto-encephalography (EMEG), generated as the same inputs are heard by human listeners. This direct comparison of dynamic human and machine internal states, as they respond to the same incrementally delivered sensory input, revealed a significant correspondence between neural response patterns in human superior temporal cortex and the structural properties of ASR-derived phonetic models. Spatially coherent patches in human temporal cortex responded selectively to individual phonetic features defined on the basis of machine-extracted regularities in the speech to lexicon mapping process. These results demonstrate the feasibility of relating human and ASR solutions to the problem of speech recognition, and suggest the potential for further studies relating complex neural computations in human speech comprehension to the rapidly evolving ASR systems that address the same problem domain.

The dataset includes preprocessed and scored event-related potential (ERP) data on which we tested our hypotheses. The hypotheses and associated analytical techniques are described in the manuscript, and the README file attached provides a brief description of the variables in the dataset. THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOVE

This dataset contains functional magnetic resonance images (fMRIs) of 12 subjects performing HCP Emotional task aiming to capture neural activity related to the perception of fear and anger. Affective facial expressions were used as visual stimuli due to their importance in adaptive social behavior. The paradigm included two categories of blocks, namely face and shape blocks. All blocks consisted of a series of events, in which images of faces or shapes were displayed, respectively. There were always three faces/shapes per image; one face/shape was shown at the top and two faces/shapes were shown at the bottom. The participants were then asked to decide which face/shape at the bottom, i.e. left or right face/shape, matched the one displayed at the top, by pressing the corresponding button of the response box. The task was formed by twelve blocks per run, i.e. six face blocks and six shape blocks. The two block categories were alternately presented for each run. All blocks contained six trials and they were always initiated by a cue of three seconds. In turn, the trials included a visual-stimulus period of two seconds and a fixation-cross period of one second; the total duration of the trial was thus three seconds. [https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/](https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/) [https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/](https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche (YMR) is a Tibetan Buddhist monk, and renowned meditation practitioner and teacher who has spent an extraordinary number of hours of his life meditating. The brain-aging profile of this expert meditator in comparison to a control population was examined using a machine learning framework, which estimates “brain-age” from brain imaging. YMR’s brain-aging rate appeared slower than that of controls suggesting early maturation and delayed aging. At 41 years, his brain resembled that of a 33-year-old. Specific regional changes did not differentiate YMR from controls, suggesting that the brain-aging differences may arise from coordinated changes spread throughout the gray matter.

Abstract The chess game comprises different domains of cognitive function, demands great concentration and attention and is present in many cultures as an instrument of literacy, learning and entertainment. Over the years, many effects of the game on the brain have been studied. Seen that, we reviewed the current literature to analyze the influence of chess on cognitive performance, decision-making process, linking to historical neurological and psychiatric disorders as we describe different diseases related to renowned chess players throughout history, discussing the influences of chess on the brain and behavior.

This dataset contains functional magnetic resonance images (fMRIs) of 12 subjects performing HCP Gambling task. Its aim was to localize brain structures of the reward system, namely the basal ganglia complex. The paradigm included eight blocks and each block was composed of eight events. For every event, the participants were asked to play a game. The goal was to guess whether the next number to be displayed, which ranged from one to nine, would be smaller or larger than five while a question mark was shown on the screen. The answer was given by pressing the respective button of the response box. Feedback on the correct number was provided afterwards. There was an equal amount of blocks; the participants experienced a majority of either reward or loss events in each of them. The task was constituted by eight blocks per run, in which each half related to reward and loss experience, respectively. The order of the two block cate gories was pseudo-randomized during a single run, but fixed for all participants. A fixation-cross period of fifteen seconds was displayed between blocks. All blocks contained eight trials. The trials included a question-mark visual stimulus lasting up to 1.5 seconds, a feedback period of one second and a fixation-cross period of one second, as well; the total duration of the trial was then 3.5 seconds approximately. [https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/](https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/) [https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/](https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/)

Additional file. 4. Meth_atlas output. Estimated cell and tissue proportions of contribution for all samples.

This dataset contains functional magnetic resonance images (fMRIs) of 12 subjects that examins cognitive functions implicated in social cognition, namely mental abilities linked to the theory-of-mind or social interplay. The paradigm was designed in blocks. The blocks were in turn constituted by a set of trials, each of them containing one event. There were eight types of events, that can be described as follows: (1) watch short movies of triangles, exhibiting a putative social interaction; (2) watch short movies of triangles, displaying random movements; (3-4) interpret silently short stories 2, featuring a false-belief plot; stories were presented as visual (3) or auditory (4) stimuli; (5-6) interpret silently short stories2, featuring a cause-consequence mechanistic plot; stories were presented as visual (5) or auditory (6) stimuli; (7) listen passively to short samples of human voices; and (8) listen passively to short samples of natural sounds. The task was constituted by fifteen blocks per run. Each block included one to eight trials. Trials��� presentation within a block was pseudo-randomized for the session, but fixed for all participants. The duration of the trials ranged between six and eight seconds. A fixation cross was presented between each block between three and six seconds. [https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/](https://openfmri.org/dataset/ds000244/) [https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/](https://neurovault.org/collections/2138/)