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The COVID-19 pandemic has had severe consequences for the large-scale movement of populations within and across borders. Moreover, the crisis has had serious impacts on origin, transit and destination countries, as well as on migrant workers and their families. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of migration contexts in times of crises, as well as migrant-specific vulnerabilities, including the characteristics of stranded migrants in Serbia. Two phenomena have interacted to influence the shape and intensity of mobility in the country during the pandemic: that of citizens returning from abroad in the wake of the economic downturn and changing labour markets, and that of irregular migrants and asylum seekers stranded in transit along the Western Balkan Migration Route. An emphasis is placed on the challenges faced by migrants, as well as those faced by the country itself in terms of migration governance and management in times of crisis, questioning the existence of barriers to access to support. Despite the fact that these different groups of migrants will experience crises differently, it is important to explore the capacity of the country to assist them, both while in their country of origin and while in transit. This is an original manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies on December 20th, 2021 available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.2015659

L’industrie des textiles artificiels a employé pendant près d’un siècle jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes en France. La fabrication repose sur des fibres artificiellement produites à partir d’un traitement chimique de matières naturelles comme le coton ou la cellulose de bois. On a parlé de « soie artificielle » avant que la dénomination ne soit interdite par une loi de 1934 et remplacée par celle de « rayonne ». Après avoir retracé la multiplication spectaculaire des implantations, parfois rendues éphémères par la Grande Crise, de cette industrie en France dans les décennies 1900-1920, cet article étudie le recrutement largement féminin et migrant de la main-d’œuvre dans l’entre-deux-guerres à travers la population des cités ouvrières de deux usines. Les dures conditions sanitaires de travail dans ces entreprises sont notamment à l’origine de plusieurs mouvements de grèves importants, même si la conflictualité apparaît plutôt moins forte que dans l’ensemble de l’industrie textile. The artificial textile industry employed during almost one century up to several tens of thousands of workers in France. The production relies on artificial fibres produced through a chemical treatment of natural substances like cotton or wood cellulose. There was talk of “artificial silk” until the prohibition of this designation by a 1934 law and its replacement by the term “rayon”. After tracing the dramatic increase of production sites in France during the 1900’s-1920’s, sometimes ephemeral ones because of the Great Depression, this paper studies the largely feminine and migrant recruitment of the working force between the two wars through the population of working-class cities from two factories. The hard sanitary working conditions in those firms are notably at the origin of several important strikes, even if the level conflict appears to be rather weaker than in the whole textile industry. International audience

Abstract This paper examines the lives of US creative writers over time, in terms of geographic location/migration, literary output and age, For this, we have constructed a novel and large data set on the geographic location, and number of major publications, for every year of the lives of 473 US writers listed in Encyclopedia Britannica born between 1800 to 1949. The main findings of interest are: While the number of female authors at the start of the period equaled that of men, the number of male authors outstripped the former, and increasingly so, from 1875 on. The dominant genre was the novel, but its share of the total works listed decreased slowly after 1860 with a corresponding increase for plays. A high degree of migration of the authors is evident, reaching a marked peak in the ages 18 to 30. This applies in all four subperiods looked at, despite the huge differences across these subperiods in terms of geography and socioeconomic circumstances. After 1870 large numbers migrated abroad but over the whole period the main destination was New York City, making it the continuing dominant location for authors, despite the spread of the US to the West coast in the 19th century. This was driven, based on the case studies examined, by income-earning possibilities, mainly through magazines, the social milieu and a concentration of theatres there. A marked increase in creative output took place between the ages of 20 and 35, with no significant fall-off for many decades in the more recent periods.

Artisanal small-scale gold mining, or garimpo in Portuguese, started in French Guiana in the 1990s. The French authorities have repressed it, but this has not led to the end of the activity. Based on extensive fieldwork, this paper aims to analyze the garimpo as an economic and social informal world built to be resilient to repression and to neutralize the high risks of clandestine exploitation. This system provides economic, social, and moral resources, all embodied in the garimpeiro identity, allowing a workforce made of thousands of individuals to act as a cohesive work organization. International audience

International audience; The article reviews China’s changing labour environment since the 1990s. These include the disappearance of the old working class inherited from the socialist era; the emergence of a new working class comprised of rural emigrants (worker-peasants or mingong); and, more recently, the consequences of economic tertiarisation and flexible working. It also highlights the main issues currently being debated in academic litterature. Workers’ propensity for conflict and resistance to the domination of capital interests has sparked a variety of interpretations as well as vigorous debate. The very existence of a Chinese working class, in the Marxist sense of the term, remains highly debated.; Este artículo remite a las transformaciones del escenario del trabajo en China desde la década de 1990 : la desaparición de la antigua clase obrera heredada del periodo socialista, el surgimiento de una nueva clase obrera procedente del campo (los obreros-campesinos o mingong) y, más recientemente, las consecuencias de la terciarización de la economía y de la flexibilización del empleo. También hace hincapié en las principales cuestiones planteadas. Hubo vigorosos debates y perduran en la interpretación que se les dé en la conflictividad y en la resistencia de los asalariados a las formas de dominio del capital. La cuestión de la existencia o no de una clase obrera china, en el sentido marxista del término, sigue discutiéndose.; Cet article revient sur ces transformations de la scène du travail en Chine depuis les années 1990 : la disparition de l’ancienne classe ouvrière héritée de la période socialiste, l’émergence d’une nouvelle classe ouvrière venue des campagnes (les ouvriers-paysans ou mingong), et, plus récemment, les conséquences de la tertiarisation de l’économie et de la flexibilisation de l’emploi. Elle met également en exergue les principales questions posées. Des débats vigoureux ont eu lieu et perdurent sur l’interprétation à donner à la conflictualité et à la résistance des salariés aux formes de domination du capital. La question de l’existence ou non d’une classe ouvrière chinoise, au sens marxiste du terme, reste débattue

Abstract The paper analyses Polish industrial energy market requirements and the economic boundary conditions of for High Temperature Reactor (HTR)-based hybrid energy systems for electricity, heat, and hydrogen production. The Polish industry suffers from high imported gas prices and high dependence on domestic coal sector. Most industrial coal boilers are ageing and will need replacement within two decades. Increasing emission prices will soon cripple the profitability of coal in favour of natural gas and leave an opening for HTRs. HTRs can be competitive for both heat and electricity generation if used at load factors above 90% and constructed within budget and on time. The competitiveness of HTRs grows further with rising fossil fuels and CO2 emission prices. For industrial hydrogen, steam methane reforming (SMR) is competitive against any other alternative. Large-scale hydrogen production with HTR-based Sulphur Iodine cycle may compete with SMR if capital and operational costs can be decreased. High temperature steam electrolysis requires more durable materials and lower capital cost. Electrolysis, given its relatively low CAPEX and scalability, can be competitive when electricity is cheap as a result of over-production from intermittent power capacities. Other fossil-based hydrogen production methods appear more costly and CO2-intensive than SMR. The study was done as a part of the GEMINI+ project.

L’article s’intéresse aux fondements juridiques du commerce des Français qui, avec l’indépendance et la fin du système de monopole commercial espagnol, renforcèrent leur présence au Rio de la Plata malgré les conflits révolutionnaires et postrévolutionnaires. Le tribunal de commerce de Buenos Aires joua un rôle majeur dans la sécurisation juridique des affaires des commerçants français, facilitant leur installation dans la région. Si la légitimité de cette juridiction était reconnue tant qu’elle garantissait les règles du libre commerce, les convulsions politiques et l’exacerbation du. factionnalisme remirent en cause sa capacité à assurer la fluidité des échanges, poussant les commerçants français à rechercher la protection d’autres institutions et attisant les tensions internationales. This article deals with the legal bases of French merchants’ commerce in the River Plate. With the independence and the end of the Spanish commercial monopoly system, they became more present in the region despite revolutionary and post-revolutionary turmoil. The Buenos Aires Commercial Court played a key role in providing legal security for the business of French merchants, which facilitated their settlement in the region. While they recognized the court’s legitimacy as long as it enforced the rules of free trade, political upheavals and growing factionalism called into question the court’s ability to ensure the fluidity of transactions, prompting French merchants to turn to other institutions for protection and exacerbating international tensions. International audience

AbstractEvidence is mixed as to whether less- or more-advantaged fathers suffer penalties for taking paid family leave and the reasons for this. Perhaps selection into taking leave differs among fathers, or taking leave increases some fathers’ commitment to family over paid work, or taking it sends a negative signal to employers about future work-family priorities. We contribute to the literature by distinguishing between the initial paternity leave taken by the majority of fathers, and subsequent solo paternal leave taken by fewer fathers that indicates and signals greater family commitment. We also develop competing hypotheses about why low- or high-wage fathers may be penalized more for taking family leave. These are tested analyzing 2001 to 2014 waves of Finnish administrative panel data using unconditional quantile regression with various fixed-effects models. Net of selection, no fathers incur a sustained wage penalty for taking paternity leave, although distributed fixed-effects models reveal the highest-wage fathers receive a temporary penalty that we attribute to signaling. All fathers who also take solo paternal leave have decreasing post-leave wage trajectories. Only lower-wage fathers accrue significant penalties, however, suggesting that taking the leave shifts their priorities more toward family. We conclude the repercussions of taking shorter or longer family leaves and their sources differ across fathers’ wage distribution.