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UIDB/04666/2020 UIDP/04666/2020 The ‘São Tomé carreira’ was not just the route that connected Lisbon to the island at the Equator. It stretched along the west coast of Africa to Elmina, Congo, and Angola, and in another direction reached Central America and Brazil. In Europe, it had extensions to the Northern countries of the continent and reached the Italian markets in the Mediterranean. Although it survived beyond this period, it attained its peak in the century from roughly 1520 to 1620. What kept most parts of the route in movement was the trafficking of enslaved Africans, but during this period sugar trade (of which São Tomé and Príncipe became the world's largest producers) also played a major role. A ‘carreira de São Tomé’ não era apenas a rota que unia Lisboa à ilha do Equador. Prolongava-se pela costa ocidental de África até à Mina, ao Congo e a Angola e, noutra direcção, atingia a América Central e o Brasil. Na Europa, tinha extensões pelos países do Noroeste do continente e chegava às praças italianas do Mediterrâneo. Embora tenha sobrevivido para lá desse período, a sua época mais florescente durou cerca de um século, grosso modo entre 1520 e 1620. O que animava a maioria dos segmentos da ‘carreira’ era o tráfico de africanos escravizados, mas, durante o referido período, também o comércio do açúcar (de que São Tomé e Príncipe chegou a ser o maior produtor mundial) teve um papel decisivo. publishersversion published

In Portugal, publications with mechanochemical methods date back to 2009, with the report on mechanochemical strategies for the synthesis of metallopharmaceuticals. Since then, mechanochemical applications have grown in Portugal, spanning several fields, mainly crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, and organic and inorganic chemistry. The area with the most increased development is the synthesis of multicomponent crystal forms, with several groups synthesizing solvates, salts, and cocrystals in which the main objective was to improve physical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Recently, non-crystalline materials, such as ionic liquids and amorphous solid dispersions, have also been studied using mechanochemical methods. An area that is in expansion is the use of mechanochemical synthesis of bioinspired metal-organic frameworks with an emphasis in antibiotic coordination frameworks. The use of mechanochemistry for catalysis and organic and inorganic synthesis has also grown due to the synthetic advantages, ease of synthesis, scalability, sustainability, and, in the majority of cases, the superior properties of the synthesized materials. It can be easily concluded that mechanochemistry is expanding in Portugal in diverse research areas.

UIDB/04666/2020 UIDP/04666/2020 Martin Behaim é uma figura histórica atualmente conhecida como responsável pela concepção de um globo terrestre que está associado ao seu nome. O Globo de Behaim, produzido em 1492 e conservado no Germanisches National Museum, em Nuremberg, é o mais antigo globo terrestre existente. A vida e a obra de Martin Behaim foram exaustivamente tratadas pela historiografia moderna, em particular no que se refere às grandes viagens ibéricas de exploração marítima do final do século XV. Mas a biografia deste mercador / cosmógrafo / navegador alemão, que passou uma parte importante da sua vida em Portugal, continua a suscitar problemas e perplexidades, que são revisitadas no presente texto. Martin Behaim is a historical figure presently known as responsible for the conception of a terrestrial globe that is associated with his name. The Behaim Globe, produced in 1492 and kept at the Germanisches National Museum, in Nuremberg, is the oldest extant terrestrial globe. Martin Behaim’s life and work have been exhaustively dealt with by modern historiography, particularly in connection with the great Iberian voyages of maritime exploration of the end of the fifteenth century. But the biography of this German merchant cosmographer navigator, who spent an important part of his life in Portugal, continues to raise problems and perplexities, which are revisited in the present text. publishersversion published

Digital surveillance technologies enable a range of publics to observe the private lives of wild animals. Publics can now encounter wildlife from their smartphones, home computers, and other digital devices. These technologies generate public-wildlife relations that produce digital intimacy, but also summon wildlife into relations of care, commodification, and control. Via three case studies, this paper examines the biopolitical implications of such technologically mediated human-animal relations, which are becoming increasingly common and complex in the Digital Anthropocene. Each of our case studies involves a different biopolitical rationale deployed by a scientific-managerial regime: (1) clampdown (wild boar); (2) care (golden eagle); and (3) control (moose). Each of these modalities of biopower, however, is entangled with the other, inaugurating complex relations between publics, scientists, and wildlife. We show how digital technologies can predetermine certain representations of wildlife by encouraging particular gazes, which can have negative repercussions for public-wildlife relations in both digital and offline spaces. However, there remains work to be done to understand the positive public-wildlife relations inaugurated by digital mediation. Here, departing from much extant literature on digital human-animal relations, we highlight some of these positive potentials, notably: voice, immediacy, and agency.

UIDB/00417/2020 UIDP/00417/2020 El rey Enrique II de Castilla (1366-1379), fundó por orden testamentaria una capilla real en la catedral de Toledo que durante varias generaciones actuó como el panteón real de la familia Trastámara. Esta capilla real fue abandonada en el siglo XVI, y tan solo los sepulcros originales fueron preservados tras su traslado a la Capilla de Reyes Nuevos de la catedral primada. El objertivo de este artículo es realizar un estudio documental y arquitectónico que nos permita conocer cómo era la estructura y composición original de este mausoleo bajo medieval. In his will, King Henry II of Castile (1366-1379) founded a royal chapel in the Cathedral of Toledo, which for generations acted as the royal pantheon of the Trastámara family. This royal chapel was abandoned in the 16th century and the original tombs were only preserved after their transfer to the Capilla de Reyes Nuevos in the cathedral. The aim of this paper is to carry out a documentary and architectural study that will clarify our knowledge of the original structure and composition of this late medieval mausoleum. publishersversion published

UIDB/04666/2020 UIDP/04666/2020 Este trabajo se centra en un aspecto apenas tratado en los estudios sobre el urbanismo romano como es el de los sistemas de drenaje del agua circulante por las superficies de tránsito, particularmente en las vías y los espacios públicos. Se presentan como casos de estudio dos ciudades localizadas en la provincia de Lusitania, Augusta Emerita y Mirobriga, exponentes, a su vez, de dos modelos dispares de urbanismo que son aquí confrontados. La primera, la capital provincial, fue una fundación colonial ex novo en la que ya se planificó desde el inicio una red pública de cloacas en correspondencia con el callejero ortogonal. La segunda, Mirobriga, implantada sobre un oppidum prerromano, fue un aglomerado urbano secundario que careció de un verdadero sistema de alcantarillado subterráneo, siendo evacuadas las aguas residuales (tanto las pluviales como las sucias) directamente a través de la superficie de las calles. Si en el primer caso proliferaron los elementos de drenaje para conducir la escorrentía hacia la red de colectores, en el segundo predominó el uso de diferentes estructuras de aislamiento para proteger las fachadas frente al exceso de líquido en superficie. This work focuses on a hardly analysed issue in Roman urbanism studies, namely the drainage of runoff water from streets and public areas. We present the cases of two cities located in the province of Lusitania, Augusta Emerita and Mirobriga, each one representative of two different urban layouts, which are here compared. The first case, the provincial capital, was a Roman colony founded ex novo which had an underground sewer network designed along with the orthogonal city plan. The second, Mirobriga, developed from a pre-Roman oppidum, was a secondary town that did not have a proper drainage infrastructure, that resulted in both rain and wastewater flowing through the paved streets. While the first case study offered a wide range of drains to carry the runoff to the sewers, the second case produced different waterproofing structures designed to protect the buildings from the excess of water flowing on the surface. publishersversion published

Apresentamos neste artigo o corpo AIA-BDE, que tem como principal objetivo a avalia¸c˜ao de sistemas que procuram associar necessidades de informa¸c˜ao expressas em linguagem natural a perguntas com resposta conhecida (i.e., FAQ). Este corpo inclui v´arias perguntas no dom´ınio da Administra¸c˜ao P´ublica em Portugal e respetivas respostas. A 855 dessas perguntas foram adicionadas, manual e automaticamente, formas alternativas de as fazer, a que chamamos varia ¸c˜oes, e que podem ser utilizadas para simular intera ¸c˜oes de humanos. Essas perguntas encontramse classificadas de acordo com a sua origem, com quatro valores poss´ıveis, e tˆem ainda associado um tipo, atribu´ıdo com base na opini˜ao de cinco anotadores. Para al´em de apresentar o AIA-BDE, ilustramos como pode ser utilizado atrav´es de trˆes experiˆencias, com resultados que podem ser vistos como base para melhorias futuras: associa¸c˜ao de varia¸c˜oes `as respetivas perguntas; identifica¸c˜ao autom´atica da origem das varia¸c˜oes; e classifica¸c˜ao autom´atica das perguntas quanto ao seu tipo. We present the AIA-BDE corpus, which has as main goal the evaluation of computational systems that attempt at assigning questions with known answers (i.e., FAQs) to information needs, expressed in natural language. This corpus includes several questions in the domain of the Portuguese Public Administration and their answers. To 855 of those questions, alternative ways of making them were manually and automatically added. We call them variations and they can be used in the simulation of human user interactions. Such questions are classified according to their source, with four possible values, and have also a question type, based on the opinion of five human annotators. Besides presenting AIABDE, we illustrate how it can be used through three experiments, with results that might be seen as the baselines for future improvements, namely: variation assignment to the original questions; automatic automatic identification of the questions according to their source; and automatic classification of the questions according to their type.

UIDB/04097/2020 UIDP/04097/2020 PGC2018-102041-B-I00 MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE RTI2018-093336-B-C21 O trabalho apresentado neste artigo tem dois objectivos. Por um lado, descreve a adaptação de duas ferramentas de processamento da língua natural ao galego-português medieval, nomeadamente um analisador morfossintático e um reconhededor de variedades medievais, e por outro, visa testar hipóteses linguísticas sobre a evolução de sufixos medievais mediante o uso dessas ferramentas em corpora históricos. Apesar de o desempenho das ferramentas ser inferior do que quando utilizadas para variedades modernas mais estandardizadas e com menos variabilidade formal, mostramos que é possível usá-las com grande fiabilidade para estudos quantitativos baseados em corpus. O estudo linguístico baseado em corpus permite-nos conferir que, pela sua distribuição de frequências, a presença dos sufixos-CION e-BLE nos textos medievais da Galiza foi provavelmente influenciada pelo castelhano baixo medieval. The work presented in this paper has two objetives. On the one hand, it describes how to adapt two natural language processing tools to medieval Galician-Portuguese, namely a morphosyntactic analyzer and a medieval language recognizer, and on the other hand, it verifies linguistic hypotheses about the evolution of medieval suffixes by using these tools by using historical corpora. Although the performance of the tools is inferior to those used for more standardized modern varieties with less formal variability, we show that it is possible to use them with great reliability for quantitative corpus-based studies. The corpus-based linguistic study allows us to verify that, on the basis of their frequency distribution, the presence of the suffixes -CION and -BLE in medieval Galician texts is probably influenced by medieval Castilian publishersversion published