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  • Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
  • 2013-2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ariel Cohen;

    Metaphors are ubiquitous in natural language; in fact, no language without metaphors is known. But can we construct a language without metaphors? An issue that is particularly relevant to this question is the relation between metaphor and simile. Some argue that metaphors are a type of (elided) simile, whereas others claim that the two phenomena differ in kind. Ideally, a way to settle the dispute would be to find a language that contains similes but not metaphors. There is no such actual language. But two science fiction authors have attempted to conceive of and describe just such a language. David Brin, in The Uplift War, creates birdlike aliens, whose language is claimed to have similes but not metaphors. However, Brin reproduces utterances of these aliens, in which he reflects their avian nature; and he often does so by metaphor. China Miéville, in Embassytown, also creates aliens whose language is claimed to have similes but not metaphors. However, these similes are frozen, and are actually idioms: they have a fixed, conventional meaning. Later on, the aliens acquire metaphors, and only then do they begin to have, in addition, novel similes. Hence, both Brin and Miéville fail: the former constructs a language that has both similes and metaphors, whereas the other constructs a language that initially has neither, and later acquires both simultaneously. Science fiction authors are, after all, humans, and are bound by the constraints of human languages. Hence, their failure to construct a language that contains similes but not metaphors tells us that the two phenomena are fundamentally very close. To the extent that it is possible to construct a language without metaphors, it appears that it would have to do without similes too. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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  • Authors: Rauzy, Stéphane; de Montcheuil, Grégoire; Blache, Philippe;

    International audience; MarsaTag is a system aiming at segmenting, tagging and chunking French input. The originality of the tool, on top of its efficiency, is its ability to process written texts as well as speech transcriptions. The tagger executes the three following operations. First, a rule-based tokenizer splits the raw textual input in a sequence of tokens. In a second step, thanks to a broad-coverage morphosyntactic lexicon, each token form is associated to a tag distribution. The last step consists in disambiguating the tagging by selecting the POS tag sequence with the highest probability. The probability of a sequence of tags is computed thanks to a stochastic model using the Hidden Markov Model machinery. The states or patterns of our model are extracted from the GraceLPL resource (700,000 tokens with morphosyntactic annotation). The performance of the tagger reaches an F-measure score of 0.974 for written material. The tagger has been adapted for the treatment of spontaneous speech transcriptions (see the chapter « Annotations » of the LPL book). The system has been trained with a large spoken French corpus (CID, see Bertrand et al., 2008). Phenomena proper to speech (filled paused, disfluencies, truncation, etc.) were identified and included in a model specific to speech transcription inputs. The tagger performance of 0.948 (F-measure) has been evaluated on the manual corrected tags of the CID corpus. MarsaTag is freely distributed with a software interface allowing the choice of various input and output formats (url : https://www.ortolang.fr/​market/​tools/​sldr000841).; MarsaTag est un système qui permet de segmenter, d’étiqueter et d’analyser en chunks des productions du français. L’originalité de l’outil réside dans sa capacité à traiter autant du français écrit que de des transcriptions du français parlé. L’étiqueteur effectue les trois opérations suivantes. Un segmenteur à base de règles est d’abord appliqué au texte en entrée afin de le séparer en une séquence de tokens. Dans un deuxième temps, grâce à un lexique morphosyntaxique de large couverture, le système associe à chaque forme orthographique identifiant le token sa distribution de catégories morphosyntaxiques correspondantes. La dernière étape consiste à désambiguïser l’étiquetage en proposant en sortie la séquence d’étiquettes possédant la probabilité maximale. La probabilité d’une séquence est calculée à partir d’un modèle stochastique dans le cadre du formalisme de Chaines de Markov Cachées (HMM). Les états ou « patrons » du modèle ont été extrait de la ressource GraceLPL (700 000 tokens avec un étiquetage morphosyntaxique). La performance de l’étiqueteur atteint un score de F-mesure de 0.974. L’étiqueteur a été adapté pour traiter les transcriptions du français parlé (voir le chapitre « Annotations » du livre du LPL). Le système a été entraîné sur le CID (Bertrand et al., 2008), un grand corpus français de parole spontanée en interaction. Les phénomènes propres à l’oral (pause remplies, disfluences, troncations,…) ont été identifiés et inclus dans le modèle spécifique au traitement des transcriptions en entrée. La performance de l’étiqueteur pour l’oral (0.948 de F-mesure) a été évalué sur la correction manuelle des étiquettes morphosyntaxiques du CID. Le logiciel MarsaTag est distribué librement avec une interface graphique qui permet un vaste choix de format d’entrée sortie ((url : https://www.ortolang.fr/​market/​tools/​sldr000841).

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    Authors: Chiara Meluzzi;

    Klingon, a ConLang created for the Star Trek franchise in 1984 by the linguist Marc Okrand, is the subject of this study, which analyzes both its phonology and lexicon. The requirement to sound 'alien,' at least to English mother-speakers, is the major aspect of Klingon phonology: many sounds in its phonological inventory are thus highly unusual and seldom encountered entirely in other languages. Particularly, we will focus on the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /tɬ/, transcribed as and characterizing Klingon phonology starting with the name of the language itself. The article analyzes the distribution of /tɬ/ in Klingon lexicon, by identifying phonological restrictions and possible pattern of sound change. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Francesco Dedè;

    It is a well-known fact that J.R.R. Tolkien’s training as a philologist had a very strong impact on his work as a creator of languages. This paper aims to identify the influence of Tolkien’s academic background in the field of linguistic studies on the creation of his Elvish languages. Taking into account Tolkien’s earliest works on Qenya (the first of the Elvish languages to be conceived) and based on our knowledge of Tolkien’s readings in linguistics and philology, the paper analyses some peculiar uses by Tolkien in describing the language and traces them back to their likely sources. The aim of the paper is twofold: on the one side, it hopes to show that this kind of source criticism can lead us to a better understanding of Tolkien’s conception of his Elvish tongues. On the other side, the systematic comparison between Tolkien’s writings on his constructed languages and the scholarly sources that constituted his linguistic background may represent a step towards acknowledging Tolkien’s place in the history of linguistic thought. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Guillaume Enguehard;

    In this article, I show from my own experience as a linguistics teacher that the construction of languages by students allows them to better grasp the reality of linguistic analysis than does the repetition of exercises based on data from natural languages. I show that the reasons that lead me to marginalize natural languages from teaching are the same ones that lead most linguists to marginalize constructed languages from research. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Enguehard, Guillaume; Luo, Xiaoling; Lampitelli, Nicola;

    The construction of languages has always been related to linguistics. Most of these initiatives address real scientific questions but from a non-academic point of view. The fact thatFerdinand de Saussure’s own brother, René de Saussure, wrote a theoretical essay on the construction of the Esperanto word (de Saussure, 1914) is an amusing illustration of this. In this paper, we propose a method inspired by experimental archaeology. The experiment consists in trying to obtain an artefact similar to the one observed using this or that construction method. An equivalent approach in linguistics would be the generation of linguistic systems based on explicitly formulated principles. Trying to generate similar systems pushes the linguist to explicitly define the principles that are needed and to explore all their consequences. In this context, we show that the use of notions induced by the observation of natural languages leads to a certain degree of circularity and that it is therefore more interesting to explore a priori principles based on very general assumptions. International audience

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    Authors: Jones, Alun; Lozano, Diego; Koens, Ko; Smit, Bert; +8 Authors

    Practice abstracts and videos are often envisioned within the multi-actor approach (MAA), which is typical of Horizon 2020 projects and brings together a range of different stakeholders, spanning people from science, practice, or anyone who can help tackle the objectives of the project. All experience and knowledge are therefore taken into account and the partners co-create results together, to address real-life problems through innovative and intersectoral approaches. In this perspective, practice abstracts and videos are intended to communicate a short summary of information or recommendations that have been observed or developed during the lifetime of a project, as well as to provide good practices as role models for replication in other contexts. As part of SmartCulTour’s WP6, Task 6.4 included the production of practice abstracts and the recording of relevant videos on interventions that were identified in the SmartCulTour Labs for their relevance as interesting and insightful cultural tourism interventions, and were either taking place in the region and supported by the Lab’s activities, implemented within the SmartCulTour project or co-designed by Labs’ stakeholders for future implementation. These are innovative/promising direct and indirect interventions, or a combination thereof, for the sustainable development of cultural tourism, with potential/possible impacts on sustainability and resilience of the destination. Accordingly, each Lab Manager was requested to produce one or more practice abstracts and videos, by providing practical information and outlining the main objectives and findings related to the selected intervention(s). Deliverable 6.2 gathers the texts of the practice abstracts produced by each of the six SmartCulTour Living Labs, along with the links to access the videos on the SmartCulTour website and YouTube channel. Two typologies of videos were produced: presentation video(s) of each Living Lab, and videos showcasing the intervention(s) selected, designed and/or implemented by each of them. These materials were developed primarily with a communication purpose to facilitate information sharing with those who can directly apply the findings, namely cultural tourism practitioners, policy-makers, etc. Local stakeholders were also involved in the production of the practice videos, so as to let them shape the storytelling for their own destination, while leveraging local ownership of the interventions. In order to boost their dissemination and outreach, the practice abstracts are available both in English and in the Living Lab’s local language, while the videos are subtitled in English or in the local language, as needed.

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    Authors: Laura Meloni; Bernhard Appelhaus; Linda Sanvido; Cesco Reale;

    Written language production evolved from the representation of meanings to the representation of sounds, and more recently is now increasingly integrated by elements such as emoticons, emojis, and stickers. Our main question is: how can we represent verbal language through icons? In this regard, we have successful experiments: Emojiitaliano for the translation of Pinocchio (Chiusaroli et al., 2016), Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), and others. These systems rely on different semantic approaches to translate concepts into pictograms, ideograms, or abstract symbols (Albacete et al., 1994; Tenny, 2014). The contribution of the present work is threefold: we give a review of different semantic approaches in modern iconic languages and semasiographies; we then present IKON, a new iconic language conceived as a novel step into the evolution of iconic languages introducing the use of lexical resources and semantic ontologies to build more precise icons. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Simon Gonzalez;

    The field of Conlang has evidenced an important growth in the last decades. This has been the product of a wide interest on the use and study of conlangs for artistic purposes. However, one important question is what it is happening with conlang in the academic world. This paper aims to have an overall understanding of the literature on conlang research. With this we aim to give a realistic picture of the field in the current age. We have implemented a computational linguistic approach, combining bibliometrics and network analysis to examine all publications available in the Scopus database. Analysing over 2300 academic publications since 1927 until 2022, we have found that Esperanto is by far the most documented conlang. Three main authors have contributed to this: Garvía R., Fiedler S., and Blanke D. The 1970s and 1980s have been the decades where the foundations of current research have been built. In terms of methodologies, language learning and experimental linguistics are the ones contributing to most as the preferred approaches of study in the field. We present the results and discuss our limitations and future work. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Pertti Hietaranta;

    The main question paper discusses is the question as to how we can make sure that a translation into a conlang is acceptable (adequate, correct) despite the fact that there are by definition no native speakers of conlangs. The question is of relevance to practical translation work as well as translation studies even more generally since there are also natural languages for which there are no native speakers to consult on matters of translation correctness or acceptability. A major theme inside this main topic is the question as to who qualifies and on what grounds as an expert who can pass judgements on translation quality in general. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ariel Cohen;

    Metaphors are ubiquitous in natural language; in fact, no language without metaphors is known. But can we construct a language without metaphors? An issue that is particularly relevant to this question is the relation between metaphor and simile. Some argue that metaphors are a type of (elided) simile, whereas others claim that the two phenomena differ in kind. Ideally, a way to settle the dispute would be to find a language that contains similes but not metaphors. There is no such actual language. But two science fiction authors have attempted to conceive of and describe just such a language. David Brin, in The Uplift War, creates birdlike aliens, whose language is claimed to have similes but not metaphors. However, Brin reproduces utterances of these aliens, in which he reflects their avian nature; and he often does so by metaphor. China Miéville, in Embassytown, also creates aliens whose language is claimed to have similes but not metaphors. However, these similes are frozen, and are actually idioms: they have a fixed, conventional meaning. Later on, the aliens acquire metaphors, and only then do they begin to have, in addition, novel similes. Hence, both Brin and Miéville fail: the former constructs a language that has both similes and metaphors, whereas the other constructs a language that initially has neither, and later acquires both simultaneously. Science fiction authors are, after all, humans, and are bound by the constraints of human languages. Hence, their failure to construct a language that contains similes but not metaphors tells us that the two phenomena are fundamentally very close. To the extent that it is possible to construct a language without metaphors, it appears that it would have to do without similes too. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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  • Authors: Rauzy, Stéphane; de Montcheuil, Grégoire; Blache, Philippe;

    International audience; MarsaTag is a system aiming at segmenting, tagging and chunking French input. The originality of the tool, on top of its efficiency, is its ability to process written texts as well as speech transcriptions. The tagger executes the three following operations. First, a rule-based tokenizer splits the raw textual input in a sequence of tokens. In a second step, thanks to a broad-coverage morphosyntactic lexicon, each token form is associated to a tag distribution. The last step consists in disambiguating the tagging by selecting the POS tag sequence with the highest probability. The probability of a sequence of tags is computed thanks to a stochastic model using the Hidden Markov Model machinery. The states or patterns of our model are extracted from the GraceLPL resource (700,000 tokens with morphosyntactic annotation). The performance of the tagger reaches an F-measure score of 0.974 for written material. The tagger has been adapted for the treatment of spontaneous speech transcriptions (see the chapter « Annotations » of the LPL book). The system has been trained with a large spoken French corpus (CID, see Bertrand et al., 2008). Phenomena proper to speech (filled paused, disfluencies, truncation, etc.) were identified and included in a model specific to speech transcription inputs. The tagger performance of 0.948 (F-measure) has been evaluated on the manual corrected tags of the CID corpus. MarsaTag is freely distributed with a software interface allowing the choice of various input and output formats (url : https://www.ortolang.fr/​market/​tools/​sldr000841).; MarsaTag est un système qui permet de segmenter, d’étiqueter et d’analyser en chunks des productions du français. L’originalité de l’outil réside dans sa capacité à traiter autant du français écrit que de des transcriptions du français parlé. L’étiqueteur effectue les trois opérations suivantes. Un segmenteur à base de règles est d’abord appliqué au texte en entrée afin de le séparer en une séquence de tokens. Dans un deuxième temps, grâce à un lexique morphosyntaxique de large couverture, le système associe à chaque forme orthographique identifiant le token sa distribution de catégories morphosyntaxiques correspondantes. La dernière étape consiste à désambiguïser l’étiquetage en proposant en sortie la séquence d’étiquettes possédant la probabilité maximale. La probabilité d’une séquence est calculée à partir d’un modèle stochastique dans le cadre du formalisme de Chaines de Markov Cachées (HMM). Les états ou « patrons » du modèle ont été extrait de la ressource GraceLPL (700 000 tokens avec un étiquetage morphosyntaxique). La performance de l’étiqueteur atteint un score de F-mesure de 0.974. L’étiqueteur a été adapté pour traiter les transcriptions du français parlé (voir le chapitre « Annotations » du livre du LPL). Le système a été entraîné sur le CID (Bertrand et al., 2008), un grand corpus français de parole spontanée en interaction. Les phénomènes propres à l’oral (pause remplies, disfluences, troncations,…) ont été identifiés et inclus dans le modèle spécifique au traitement des transcriptions en entrée. La performance de l’étiqueteur pour l’oral (0.948 de F-mesure) a été évalué sur la correction manuelle des étiquettes morphosyntaxiques du CID. Le logiciel MarsaTag est distribué librement avec une interface graphique qui permet un vaste choix de format d’entrée sortie ((url : https://www.ortolang.fr/​market/​tools/​sldr000841).

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    Authors: Chiara Meluzzi;

    Klingon, a ConLang created for the Star Trek franchise in 1984 by the linguist Marc Okrand, is the subject of this study, which analyzes both its phonology and lexicon. The requirement to sound 'alien,' at least to English mother-speakers, is the major aspect of Klingon phonology: many sounds in its phonological inventory are thus highly unusual and seldom encountered entirely in other languages. Particularly, we will focus on the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /tɬ/, transcribed as and characterizing Klingon phonology starting with the name of the language itself. The article analyzes the distribution of /tɬ/ in Klingon lexicon, by identifying phonological restrictions and possible pattern of sound change. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Francesco Dedè;

    It is a well-known fact that J.R.R. Tolkien’s training as a philologist had a very strong impact on his work as a creator of languages. This paper aims to identify the influence of Tolkien’s academic background in the field of linguistic studies on the creation of his Elvish languages. Taking into account Tolkien’s earliest works on Qenya (the first of the Elvish languages to be conceived) and based on our knowledge of Tolkien’s readings in linguistics and philology, the paper analyses some peculiar uses by Tolkien in describing the language and traces them back to their likely sources. The aim of the paper is twofold: on the one side, it hopes to show that this kind of source criticism can lead us to a better understanding of Tolkien’s conception of his Elvish tongues. On the other side, the systematic comparison between Tolkien’s writings on his constructed languages and the scholarly sources that constituted his linguistic background may represent a step towards acknowledging Tolkien’s place in the history of linguistic thought. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Guillaume Enguehard;

    In this article, I show from my own experience as a linguistics teacher that the construction of languages by students allows them to better grasp the reality of linguistic analysis than does the repetition of exercises based on data from natural languages. I show that the reasons that lead me to marginalize natural languages from teaching are the same ones that lead most linguists to marginalize constructed languages from research. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Enguehard, Guillaume; Luo, Xiaoling; Lampitelli, Nicola;

    The construction of languages has always been related to linguistics. Most of these initiatives address real scientific questions but from a non-academic point of view. The fact thatFerdinand de Saussure’s own brother, René de Saussure, wrote a theoretical essay on the construction of the Esperanto word (de Saussure, 1914) is an amusing illustration of this. In this paper, we propose a method inspired by experimental archaeology. The experiment consists in trying to obtain an artefact similar to the one observed using this or that construction method. An equivalent approach in linguistics would be the generation of linguistic systems based on explicitly formulated principles. Trying to generate similar systems pushes the linguist to explicitly define the principles that are needed and to explore all their consequences. In this context, we show that the use of notions induced by the observation of natural languages leads to a certain degree of circularity and that it is therefore more interesting to explore a priori principles based on very general assumptions. International audience

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    Authors: Jones, Alun; Lozano, Diego; Koens, Ko; Smit, Bert; +8 Authors

    Practice abstracts and videos are often envisioned within the multi-actor approach (MAA), which is typical of Horizon 2020 projects and brings together a range of different stakeholders, spanning people from science, practice, or anyone who can help tackle the objectives of the project. All experience and knowledge are therefore taken into account and the partners co-create results together, to address real-life problems through innovative and intersectoral approaches. In this perspective, practice abstracts and videos are intended to communicate a short summary of information or recommendations that have been observed or developed during the lifetime of a project, as well as to provide good practices as role models for replication in other contexts. As part of SmartCulTour’s WP6, Task 6.4 included the production of practice abstracts and the recording of relevant videos on interventions that were identified in the SmartCulTour Labs for their relevance as interesting and insightful cultural tourism interventions, and were either taking place in the region and supported by the Lab’s activities, implemented within the SmartCulTour project or co-designed by Labs’ stakeholders for future implementation. These are innovative/promising direct and indirect interventions, or a combination thereof, for the sustainable development of cultural tourism, with potential/possible impacts on sustainability and resilience of the destination. Accordingly, each Lab Manager was requested to produce one or more practice abstracts and videos, by providing practical information and outlining the main objectives and findings related to the selected intervention(s). Deliverable 6.2 gathers the texts of the practice abstracts produced by each of the six SmartCulTour Living Labs, along with the links to access the videos on the SmartCulTour website and YouTube channel. Two typologies of videos were produced: presentation video(s) of each Living Lab, and videos showcasing the intervention(s) selected, designed and/or implemented by each of them. These materials were developed primarily with a communication purpose to facilitate information sharing with those who can directly apply the findings, namely cultural tourism practitioners, policy-makers, etc. Local stakeholders were also involved in the production of the practice videos, so as to let them shape the storytelling for their own destination, while leveraging local ownership of the interventions. In order to boost their dissemination and outreach, the practice abstracts are available both in English and in the Living Lab’s local language, while the videos are subtitled in English or in the local language, as needed.

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    Authors: Laura Meloni; Bernhard Appelhaus; Linda Sanvido; Cesco Reale;

    Written language production evolved from the representation of meanings to the representation of sounds, and more recently is now increasingly integrated by elements such as emoticons, emojis, and stickers. Our main question is: how can we represent verbal language through icons? In this regard, we have successful experiments: Emojiitaliano for the translation of Pinocchio (Chiusaroli et al., 2016), Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), and others. These systems rely on different semantic approaches to translate concepts into pictograms, ideograms, or abstract symbols (Albacete et al., 1994; Tenny, 2014). The contribution of the present work is threefold: we give a review of different semantic approaches in modern iconic languages and semasiographies; we then present IKON, a new iconic language conceived as a novel step into the evolution of iconic languages introducing the use of lexical resources and semantic ontologies to build more precise icons. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Simon Gonzalez;

    The field of Conlang has evidenced an important growth in the last decades. This has been the product of a wide interest on the use and study of conlangs for artistic purposes. However, one important question is what it is happening with conlang in the academic world. This paper aims to have an overall understanding of the literature on conlang research. With this we aim to give a realistic picture of the field in the current age. We have implemented a computational linguistic approach, combining bibliometrics and network analysis to examine all publications available in the Scopus database. Analysing over 2300 academic publications since 1927 until 2022, we have found that Esperanto is by far the most documented conlang. Three main authors have contributed to this: Garvía R., Fiedler S., and Blanke D. The 1970s and 1980s have been the decades where the foundations of current research have been built. In terms of methodologies, language learning and experimental linguistics are the ones contributing to most as the preferred approaches of study in the field. We present the results and discuss our limitations and future work. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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    Authors: Pertti Hietaranta;

    The main question paper discusses is the question as to how we can make sure that a translation into a conlang is acceptable (adequate, correct) despite the fact that there are by definition no native speakers of conlangs. The question is of relevance to practical translation work as well as translation studies even more generally since there are also natural languages for which there are no native speakers to consult on matters of translation correctness or acceptability. A major theme inside this main topic is the question as to who qualifies and on what grounds as an expert who can pass judgements on translation quality in general. RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, V. 9 N. 18 (2022)

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