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La lectura del profesor Fernando Vallespín sobre el Leviatán de Thomas Hobbes resulta tan heterodoxa como oportuna para entender las “guerras ideológicas” del presente, en tanto incide en la faceta retórica de su lenguaje y su sustrato pasional, así como revela el trasfondo de un dilema, inherente al liberalismo, que hoy vuelve a reproducirse: el de la conciliación entre el pluralismo axiológico y la adhesión a un conjunto de principios universales. En la condición de axioma del instinto de supervivencia en Hobbes, es decir, en la prevalencia del miedo como presupuesto de partida, que en sí no obedece a decisión racional alguna, probablemente radique un motivo crucial para que Hobbes no descartase acudir al lenguaje emocional. La complejidad reside en la intromisión de Hobbes en la “guerra de las plumas”, abierta a un pluralismo que se repliega en defensa del absolutismo y la cientificidad.

Robert Wallace (1697–1771) was a leading minister of the Church of Scotland, but he remains a largely overlooked figure in the literature. Nevertheless, his participation in philosophical and theological debates offers a glimpse of the complex positions of the Scottish clergy – and of Scottish moderation on its own terms. Wallace’s moderation was evident, for example, in his opposition both to radical deism and orthodox dogmatism. Yet what makes Wallace’s case particularly interesting is that he described himself as a ‘moderate freethinker’ in a letter to David Hume, while distinguishing elsewhere the ‘moderate’ and ‘sober’ freethinkers from the dangerously sceptical ones. Exploring his consistent statements on this issue in various writings throughout his career, this article investigates the self-identified moderation of Wallace – in opposition, for example, to his rival freethinker William Dudgeon – and thus the clergy’s attempt to use this category in the shaping of their vision of the Scottish Enlightenment. peerReviewed

This paper looks at some of the oldest examples of visual art that show evidence of experiences of altered states of consciousness reported by the last persistence hunters. Persistence hunters relied on endurance and stamina to pursue their prey until it collapsed and was easily killed. Persistence hunting has been studied from viewpoints of paleontology and ethnography, this article offers a psychological connection between persistence hunting hypothesis and origins of symbolic culture. The article outlines the persistence hunting hypothesis describing its significance for future studies of the prehistoric cultures and their achievements. It covers persistence hunting and tracking methodology, its possible origins and how it may explain bigger brains in our species. It also describes the connection between endurance running and altered states of consciousness, and its connections with some shamanic practices. The article presents visual evidence, or fragments, that can be interpreted through persistence hunting and tracking, covering recurring topics such as hoof prints, blood trails, vulva imagery, therianthropes and nasal bleeds. Archaeologist David Lewis-Williams has proposed a shamanic explanation for rock art interpretation. This approach was based on ethnographic studies of Southern African hunter-gatherers. He suggested that African rock art often depicts trance hallucinations experienced by the shamans. This article offers an alternative and additional naturalistic explanation of prehistoric imagery based on the hunting methods used by the prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Combining the main outlines (persistence hunting hypothesis and its visual evidence in prehistoric rock art) this article offers a novel approach to rock art research which involves the history and documented experience of persistence hunting and tracking among the early hunter-gatherer societies. Peer reviewed

Ella Margareta Kivikoski (25 May 1901 in Tammela–27 July 1990 in Helsinki) was the first woman in Finland to defend her Doctoral thesis in Archaeology in 1939. Many duties in the State Archaeological Commission of Finland provided a good basis for her research career. In 1941 she received a docentship (an associate professorship) at the University of Helsinki in the Department of Archaeology of Finland and the Nordic Countries. In 1948 Kivikoski was appointed to the chair of the same department, becoming at the time the only female professor, the second in sequence, at the University of Helsinki and the first female professor in archaeology in the Nordic countries. After the appointment to a professorship, Kivikoski was called to the Finnish Academy of Sciences, becoming its first female member. She retired in 1969. The Finnish Iron Age was Kivikoski’s main speciality. Her published scientific production is wide, consisting of several monographs, articles and edited works. Her major publication is Die Eisenzeit Finnlands, the catalogue of Iron Age artefacts found in Finland, that is still used today. Kivikoski was well networked in the learned societies, internationally active and awarded many foreign distinctions of honour. Kivikoski was demanding, even abrupt, as a professor but many remember her warm interest in her students. She guided students to fieldwork, especially at Iron Age sites on the Åland Islands where she also initiated the study of Iron Age houses in Finland. Kivikoski kept to culture-historical approaches and comparative typological analyses of artefacts and solid remains. Peer reviewed

The core assumption in the management literature on corporate political activity (CPA) is that firms and industry associations representing their interests seek political ends driven by strategic concerns. Other streams of research, however, emphasise the role of ideology in CPA. In this article, we study the balance between strategic and ideological orientations over time. We draw on historical data from the early 1920s to the end of the 1930s to analyse a process in which two competing Finnish industry associations sought to balance strategic and ideological CPA, and how procedural CPA became increasingly important as a mechanism for increasing the emphasis on ideological goals. As industry associations become more autonomous, they gain more opportunities and greater power. As a result of this increased power, associations can promote their own ideological agendas, which often contrast with what would be directly beneficial for individual firms and societies. peerReviewed

This thesis navigates the complex landscape of cultural heritage digitization in Finland, focusing on standardization and preservation challenges. Examining technological advancements and industry collaborations, the research adopts a case study approach, partnering with Tietoa Oy and the Finnish Heritage Agency. The study explores the guiding principles for cultural heritage digitization, emphasizing the importance of site selection, preservation considerations, and the impact of technology development. An analysis of digitization projects, particularly the Ainola Artist Homes, reveals the evolving influence of equipment, technology, and techniques on digital model fidelity. As a contribution to the ongoing discourse, this thesis aims to provide nuanced insights into the challenges of standardization in cultural heritage digitization, offering a perspective that aligns with the ever-changing demands of the field. Tämä opinnäytetyö tarkastelee kulttuuriperinnön digitointia Suomessa, keskittyen standardointiin ja säilyttämisen haasteisiin. Tutkimus hyödyntää tapaustutkimusta yhteistyössä Tietoa Oy:n ja Museoviraston kanssa. Tutkimus syventyy kulttuuriperinnön digitoinnin ohjaaviin periaatteisiin, korostaen esinevalintaa, säilyttämisen näkökohtia ja teknologian kehityksen vaikutusta. Analyyttinen tarkastelu digitointiprojekteista, erityisesti taiteilija koti Ainola-projektista, paljastaa laitteiden, teknologian ja menetelmien kehityksen vaikutukset digitaalisten mallien laatuun. Osana jatkuvaa keskustelua tämä opinnäytetyö pyrkii tarjoamaan hienovaraisen näkemyksen standardoinnin haasteisiin kulttuuriperinnön digitalisoinnissa, tarjoten näkökulman, joka mukautuu alati muuttuviin vaatimuksiin alalla.

The digitised collections of Finnic oral poetry present exceptional material for studying oral tradition. According to the oral-formulaic theory, in oral tradition singers recreate the poems during performance relying on a store of composition units of various lengths. The formula was defined by Lord as "a group of words, employed repeatedly under the same metric conditions to express a certain idea". In the framework of oral-formulaic theory the concept of formula has got a wider meaning of recurrent units of various lengths. Recently, we have been applying a clustering based on cosine similarity of character bigrams to identify equivalent poetic lines across dialectal and orthographic variation. Building up on that, in this paper we explore quantitative criteria for identifying formulas, starting on the level of a single line. The first obvious criterion is frequency. Furthermore, we introduce a measure of “stereotypy” as entropy of the distribution of line over high-level context, which is approximated by automatic text clustering. Finally, we apply a statistical co-occurrence metric (log-likelihood ratio) to identify lines frequently occurring together. We examine the capability of the method to identify parallel lines and multi-line formulas.