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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hollander, Hella; Wright, Holly; Geser, Guntram; Ronzino, Paola; +3 Authors

    This interim report, “Policies and Good Practices for FAIR Data Management” describes the activities carried out by the different partners during the first 2 and a half years of the ARIADNEplus project, as well as the results achieved through the work package on the following topics: • Support the creation of FAIR data in the archaeological sector • Define and spread guidelines to good practices in archaeological data management • Adapt standard quality criteria for datasets and data to the archaeological case, and support their implementation among users.

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    Authors: van Rossum, Lisanne; Šeļa, Artjoms;

    We have explored gaps in teaching of research skills for computational literary studies to inform the CLS INFRA project’s own approach to training schools and chart the territory to gain broader insight into current CLS teaching practices. To understand supply we have manually annotated a sample of European university courses in Digital Humanities and summer school workshops. To index demand we set up an online survey to ask the community to evaluate a set of predetermined ‘skills’ based on its perceived future prospects in the field and teaching (1-5 scale response, 118 participants). The survey also offered a chance to observe the demographic structure of the CLS community. The prevalence of early career respondents indicates a new generational wave within computational literary studies. Participant gender was balanced, although introduction of variables such as career stage, self-reported proficiency, and discipline demonstrated skewness. Researchers who work in the field of CLS also report more experience in computational methods, which suggests that these go hand in hand in current practice. Despite the gap in skills education being more general in nature, we identified areas of heightened interest. These are the skills that make up the backbone of computational research: from designing the study to text collection, to multivariate analysis and statistical modeling. Survey responses reiterated that the current gap in schooling is quantitative rather than qualitative. Moreover, there was a consensus among participants that the institutionalized training of a new generation of researchers is instrumental to disciplinary advancement of CLS.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCISarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Quik, Cindy; Walstra, Sanne; van Beek, Roy; van der Velde, Ype; +7 Authors

    Attributing the start of peat growth to an absolute timescale requires dating the bottom of peat deposits overlying mineral sediment, often called the basal peat. Peat initiation is reflected in the stratigraphy as a gradual transition from mineral sediment to increasingly organic material, up to where it is called peat. So far, varying criteria have been used to define basal peat, resulting in divergent approaches to date peat initiation. The lack of a universally applicable and quantitative definition, combined with multiple concerns that have been raised previously regarding the radiocarbon dating of peat, may result in apparent ages that are either too old or too young for the timing of peat initiation. Here, we aim to formulate updated recommendations for dating peat initiation. We provide a conceptual framework that supports the use of the organic matter (OM) gradient for a quantitative and reproducible definition of the mineral-to-peat transition (i.e., the stratigraphical range reflecting the timespan of the peat initiation process) and the layer defined as basal peat (i.e., the stratigraphical layer that is defined as the bottom of a peat deposit). Selection of dating samples is often challenging due to poor preservation of plant macrofossils in basal peat, and the representativity of humic and humin dates for the age of basal peat is uncertain. We therefore analyse the mineral-to-peat transition based on three highly detailed sequences of radiocarbon dates, including dates of plant macrofossils and the humic and humin fractions obtained from bulk samples. Our case study peatland in the Netherlands currently harbours a bog vegetation, but biostratigraphical analyses show that during peat initiation the vegetation was mesotrophic. Results show that plant macrofossils provide the most accurate age in the mineral-to-peat transition and are therefore recommendable to use for 14C dating basal peat. If these are unattainable, the humic fraction provides the best alternative and is interpreted as a terminus-ante-quem for peat initiation. The potential large age difference between dates of plant macrofossils and humic or humin dates (up to ~1700 years between macrofossil and humic ages, and with even larger differences for humins) suggests that studies reusing existing bulk dates of basal peat should take great care in data interpretation. The potentially long timespan of the peat initiation process (with medians of ~1000, ~1300 and ~1500 years within our case study peatland) demonstrates that choices regarding sampling size and resolution need to be well substantiated. We summarise our findings as a set of recommendations for dating basal peats, and advocate the widespread use of OM determination to obtain a low-cost, quantitative and reproducible definition of basal peat that eases intercomparison of studies.

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    Authors: van Berckel Smit, Floris; Coussement, Alexia;
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    Authors: de Boer, Anne Haaije; Hagedoorn, Paul; Grasmeijer, Floris;

    Introduction: Inhalation of herbs and other compounds has a long history but habits for medical treatment are intertwined with rituals to obtain hallucinatory effects and pleasurable sensations. Several examples of inhaled herbs, and the diseases they were used for, based on early translations of ancient manuscripts related to inhalation were found to be speculative and inconsistent with each other in literature. They needed to be reconsidered and verified with the original sources of information. Areas covered: Examples of ancient inhalation and the development of early dry powder inhalers up to and including the first half of the twentieth century. Databases used for literature about historic events, ancient habits, and ancient science, included SmartCat, JSTOR, and ANDAT; various facts were verified via personal communication with historians and custodians of historic manuscripts and artifacts. Expert opinion: Inhalation does not necessarily require active creation of inhalable aerosols, smokes or fumes. Inhaling ‘healthy air’ with volatile and gaseous components, or fine aerosols in pine forests, on volcano slopes and at the seaside must be considered as inhalation therapy too. From this viewpoint, inhalation therapy may have been much more common and widespread and have a longer history than is currently known from written evidence.

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    Authors: Biban, P.; Marlow, N.; Pas, A.B. te; Fanaroff, A.A.; +1 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUMC Scholarly Publi...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Petram, Lodewijk; van den Broek, Job; van der Veen, Miriam; Oosterhuis, Joost; +2 Authors

    The War dummies data set provides structured data on organized armed confrontations with Dutch involvement between 1566 and 1812. The data structure and content align with two well-known data sets with modern (i.e. post 1815) conflict data: the Inter-State War Database of the Correlates of War Project and the Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. The War dummies data are based on three volumes of the book series Militaire geschiedenis van Nederland (published under the auspices of the Dutch Institute for Military History – NIMH) that cover the early-modern. They are suited for quantitative analyses of organized armed confrontations with Dutch involvement, and can be readily applied in statistical analyses.

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    Authors: Ponzanesi, Sandra; LS Gender and Postcolonial Studies; ICON - Gender Studies;

    The aim of this special issue is to gauge the impact of postcolonial intellectuals in contemporary Europe from a comparative and multidisciplinary perspective. This is achieved by challenging the divide between public and private, inclusion and exclusion, and citizens and migrants, thereby creating counterpublics where sexual, ethnic, religious and other minorities stake their claims and play out their actions. For this purpose, the special issue will not review the standard figures in the postcolonial debate but focus on the ways in which intellectual labour is performed by critics as well as by artists, activists and writers, in order to recognize the impact of ‘intellectual engagements’ in the public sphere in their less visible and recognized manifestations as well.

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    Authors: van Dijk, Suzan; Dirks, Simon B.;
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    Authors: Arnoult, Sophie; Petram, Lodewijk; Vossen, Piek; Dagaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania; +3 Authors

    Pretrained language models like BERT have advanced the state of the art for many NLP tasks. For resource-rich languages, one has the choice between a number of language-specific models, while multilingual models are also worth considering. These models are well known for their crosslingual performance, but have also shown competitive in-language performance on some tasks. We consider monolingual and multilingual models from the perspective of historical texts, and in particular for texts enriched with editorial notes: how do language models deal with the historical and editorial content in these texts? We present a new Named Entity Recognition dataset for Dutch based on 17th and 18th century United East India Company (VOC) reports extended with modern editorial notes. Our experiments with multilingual and Dutch pretrained language models confirm the crosslingual abilities of multilingual models while showing that all language models can leverage mixed-variant data. In particular, language models successfully incorporate notes for the prediction of entities in historical texts. We also find that multilingual models outperform monolingual models on our data, but that this superiority is linked to the task at hand: multilingual models lose their advantage when confronted with more semantical tasks.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hollander, Hella; Wright, Holly; Geser, Guntram; Ronzino, Paola; +3 Authors

    This interim report, “Policies and Good Practices for FAIR Data Management” describes the activities carried out by the different partners during the first 2 and a half years of the ARIADNEplus project, as well as the results achieved through the work package on the following topics: • Support the creation of FAIR data in the archaeological sector • Define and spread guidelines to good practices in archaeological data management • Adapt standard quality criteria for datasets and data to the archaeological case, and support their implementation among users.

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    Authors: van Rossum, Lisanne; Šeļa, Artjoms;

    We have explored gaps in teaching of research skills for computational literary studies to inform the CLS INFRA project’s own approach to training schools and chart the territory to gain broader insight into current CLS teaching practices. To understand supply we have manually annotated a sample of European university courses in Digital Humanities and summer school workshops. To index demand we set up an online survey to ask the community to evaluate a set of predetermined ‘skills’ based on its perceived future prospects in the field and teaching (1-5 scale response, 118 participants). The survey also offered a chance to observe the demographic structure of the CLS community. The prevalence of early career respondents indicates a new generational wave within computational literary studies. Participant gender was balanced, although introduction of variables such as career stage, self-reported proficiency, and discipline demonstrated skewness. Researchers who work in the field of CLS also report more experience in computational methods, which suggests that these go hand in hand in current practice. Despite the gap in skills education being more general in nature, we identified areas of heightened interest. These are the skills that make up the backbone of computational research: from designing the study to text collection, to multivariate analysis and statistical modeling. Survey responses reiterated that the current gap in schooling is quantitative rather than qualitative. Moreover, there was a consensus among participants that the institutionalized training of a new generation of researchers is instrumental to disciplinary advancement of CLS.

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    Authors: Quik, Cindy; Walstra, Sanne; van Beek, Roy; van der Velde, Ype; +7 Authors

    Attributing the start of peat growth to an absolute timescale requires dating the bottom of peat deposits overlying mineral sediment, often called the basal peat. Peat initiation is reflected in the stratigraphy as a gradual transition from mineral sediment to increasingly organic material, up to where it is called peat. So far, varying criteria have been used to define basal peat, resulting in divergent approaches to date peat initiation. The lack of a universally applicable and quantitative definition, combined with multiple concerns that have been raised previously regarding the radiocarbon dating of peat, may result in apparent ages that are either too old or too young for the timing of peat initiation. Here, we aim to formulate updated recommendations for dating peat initiation. We provide a conceptual framework that supports the use of the organic matter (OM) gradient for a quantitative and reproducible definition of the mineral-to-peat transition (i.e., the stratigraphical range reflecting the timespan of the peat initiation process) and the layer defined as basal peat (i.e., the stratigraphical layer that is defined as the bottom of a peat deposit). Selection of dating samples is often challenging due to poor preservation of plant macrofossils in basal peat, and the representativity of humic and humin dates for the age of basal peat is uncertain. We therefore analyse the mineral-to-peat transition based on three highly detailed sequences of radiocarbon dates, including dates of plant macrofossils and the humic and humin fractions obtained from bulk samples. Our case study peatland in the Netherlands currently harbours a bog vegetation, but biostratigraphical analyses show that during peat initiation the vegetation was mesotrophic. Results show that plant macrofossils provide the most accurate age in the mineral-to-peat transition and are therefore recommendable to use for 14C dating basal peat. If these are unattainable, the humic fraction provides the best alternative and is interpreted as a terminus-ante-quem for peat initiation. The potential large age difference between dates of plant macrofossils and humic or humin dates (up to ~1700 years between macrofossil and humic ages, and with even larger differences for humins) suggests that studies reusing existing bulk dates of basal peat should take great care in data interpretation. The potentially long timespan of the peat initiation process (with medians of ~1000, ~1300 and ~1500 years within our case study peatland) demonstrates that choices regarding sampling size and resolution need to be well substantiated. We summarise our findings as a set of recommendations for dating basal peats, and advocate the widespread use of OM determination to obtain a low-cost, quantitative and reproducible definition of basal peat that eases intercomparison of studies.

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    Authors: van Berckel Smit, Floris; Coussement, Alexia;
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    Authors: de Boer, Anne Haaije; Hagedoorn, Paul; Grasmeijer, Floris;

    Introduction: Inhalation of herbs and other compounds has a long history but habits for medical treatment are intertwined with rituals to obtain hallucinatory effects and pleasurable sensations. Several examples of inhaled herbs, and the diseases they were used for, based on early translations of ancient manuscripts related to inhalation were found to be speculative and inconsistent with each other in literature. They needed to be reconsidered and verified with the original sources of information. Areas covered: Examples of ancient inhalation and the development of early dry powder inhalers up to and including the first half of the twentieth century. Databases used for literature about historic events, ancient habits, and ancient science, included SmartCat, JSTOR, and ANDAT; various facts were verified via personal communication with historians and custodians of historic manuscripts and artifacts. Expert opinion: Inhalation does not necessarily require active creation of inhalable aerosols, smokes or fumes. Inhaling ‘healthy air’ with volatile and gaseous components, or fine aerosols in pine forests, on volcano slopes and at the seaside must be considered as inhalation therapy too. From this viewpoint, inhalation therapy may have been much more common and widespread and have a longer history than is currently known from written evidence.

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    Authors: Biban, P.; Marlow, N.; Pas, A.B. te; Fanaroff, A.A.; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Petram, Lodewijk; van den Broek, Job; van der Veen, Miriam; Oosterhuis, Joost; +2 Authors

    The War dummies data set provides structured data on organized armed confrontations with Dutch involvement between 1566 and 1812. The data structure and content align with two well-known data sets with modern (i.e. post 1815) conflict data: the Inter-State War Database of the Correlates of War Project and the Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. The War dummies data are based on three volumes of the book series Militaire geschiedenis van Nederland (published under the auspices of the Dutch Institute for Military History – NIMH) that cover the early-modern. They are suited for quantitative analyses of organized armed confrontations with Dutch involvement, and can be readily applied in statistical analyses.

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    Authors: Ponzanesi, Sandra; LS Gender and Postcolonial Studies; ICON - Gender Studies;

    The aim of this special issue is to gauge the impact of postcolonial intellectuals in contemporary Europe from a comparative and multidisciplinary perspective. This is achieved by challenging the divide between public and private, inclusion and exclusion, and citizens and migrants, thereby creating counterpublics where sexual, ethnic, religious and other minorities stake their claims and play out their actions. For this purpose, the special issue will not review the standard figures in the postcolonial debate but focus on the ways in which intellectual labour is performed by critics as well as by artists, activists and writers, in order to recognize the impact of ‘intellectual engagements’ in the public sphere in their less visible and recognized manifestations as well.

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    Authors: van Dijk, Suzan; Dirks, Simon B.;
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    Authors: Arnoult, Sophie; Petram, Lodewijk; Vossen, Piek; Dagaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania; +3 Authors

    Pretrained language models like BERT have advanced the state of the art for many NLP tasks. For resource-rich languages, one has the choice between a number of language-specific models, while multilingual models are also worth considering. These models are well known for their crosslingual performance, but have also shown competitive in-language performance on some tasks. We consider monolingual and multilingual models from the perspective of historical texts, and in particular for texts enriched with editorial notes: how do language models deal with the historical and editorial content in these texts? We present a new Named Entity Recognition dataset for Dutch based on 17th and 18th century United East India Company (VOC) reports extended with modern editorial notes. Our experiments with multilingual and Dutch pretrained language models confirm the crosslingual abilities of multilingual models while showing that all language models can leverage mixed-variant data. In particular, language models successfully incorporate notes for the prediction of entities in historical texts. We also find that multilingual models outperform monolingual models on our data, but that this superiority is linked to the task at hand: multilingual models lose their advantage when confronted with more semantical tasks.

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