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In Finnland wird Mehrsprachigkeit traditionell geschätzt. Im Zeitalter von Globalisierung und Internationalisierung mit Englisch als Lingua franca muss man sich jedoch auch fragen, welchen Wert andere Sprachen als Englisch noch haben. Ziel vorliegender Studie war, die Einstellungen des Universitätspersonals in Finnland zum Gebrauch anderer Fremdsprachen als Englisch und speziell zum Deutschen zu untersuchen und Rückschlüsse auf verbreitete Sprachideologien zu ziehen. Als Untersuchungsmaterial dienten rund 2000 offene Kommentare auf eine Umfrage zur Rolle von Sprachen unter finnischem Universitätspersonal aus dem Jahr 2009. Diese Kommentare wurden inhaltsanalytisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrsprachigkeitsideologie deutlich verbreiteter war als die English-OnlyIdeologie und das Image des Deutschen nicht so rapide abzunehmen scheint wie Kenntnisse und Gebrauch des Deutschen. Hartnäckig hält sich aber auch die Ideologie von der Disziplinabhängigkeit des Sprachengebrauchs. Traditionally, multilingualism is valued in Finland. However, in an age of globalisation and internationalisation, with English as a lingua franca, it is worth asking what value languages other than English have. The aim of this study was to gauge the attitudes of Finnish university personnel towards the use of languages other than English, particularly German, thus revealing widespread language ideologies. The data for this study was comprised of approximately 2000 open-ended responses to a survey on the role of languages amongst Finnish university personnel in 2009. Content analysis was used to analyse the responses. The findings of this analysis showed that an ideology of multilingualism was clearly more widespread than an English-only ideology, and that the image of German has not as rapidly declined as the knowledge and use of the language. Despite this, the ideology of language use being connected to disciplines strongly persists. peerReviewed

Queer Tentacles – Theory, Arts and Activism Seminar 23.–24.9.2022 nonPeerReviewed

Artikkeli käsittelee kahta skotlantilaisen nykykirjailija Ali Smithin novellia. Ehdotan lyhyiden proosatekstien lähilukua mahdollisina esimerkkeinä sukupuolittamattomista henkilökertojista. Yhdistelen queeriä ja epäluonnollista kertomusteoriaa osoittaakseni, kuinka kerrontaratkaisut vaikuttavat sukupuolen monitulkintaisuuteen. Artikkeli myös suosittelee tulkintastrategioita, jotka vastustavat luonnollistavia ja kausaalisia selityksiä. Näiden sijaan queer luenta Smithin novelleista ”erosive” (2003) ja ”The beholder” (2015) nauttii niiden ambiguiteetista, arvaamattomuudesta ja kerronnallisesta kekseliäisyydestä. Tekstejä voi tarkastella aktiivisen tietämättömyyden harjoituksina. Discussing two short stories by contemporary Scottish author Ali Smith, my article recommends a close reading of short prose narratives as potential examples of ungendered character-narration. I combine queer and unnatural narrative theory to consider how forms of telling contribute to gender ambiguity. Further, I advocate interpretative strategies that resist naturalization and causal explanations. Instead, a queer reading of Smith’s “erosive” (2003) and “The beholder” (2015) delights in their ambiguity, waywardness, and narrative inventiveness. The texts can be approached as exercises in unknowing. peerReviewed

In this autobiographical/autofictional article, I analyze the representation of masculinity, an advertising poster for a new Finnish cigarette brand from the 1990s recession, when a new man, a “softie,” debuted under the pressure of the traditional male model and the twenty-first-century dudes and lads. The model posing in the poster is a homosexual, me. In the article I ask whether a gay could represent a Finnish man in the early 1990s or only present him. I examine the picture with a queer eye in search of inconsistencies and distortions that break present alternative interpretations to heteronormativity. Analysoin autobiografisessa/autofiktiivisessä artikkelissani maskuliinisuuden representaatiota, uuden suomalaisen tupakkamerkin julistetta, lama-ajalta 1990-luvun alusta, jolloin uusi mies, ”pehmo”, debytoi perinteisen miehen mallin ja 2000-luvun äijien ja jätkien puristuksessa. Julisteessa poseeraava malli on homoseksuaali, minä. Artikkelissa kysyn, voisiko homo edustaa suomalaista miestä 1990-luvun alussa vai vain esittää tätä. Tarkastelen kuvaa queerilla katseella etsien epäjohdonmukaisuuksia ja vääristymiä sen heteronormatiivisuudessa ja esitän sille vaihtoehtoisia tulkintoja. peerReviewed

Tutkimuksessa tarkastelemme lukion historianopettajien käsityksiä tiedonalansa tekstitaidoista aineistopohjaisen esseen kirjoittamisen opettamisen ja arvioinnin yhteydessä. Lukiossa jokaisen opettajan tulee opettaa oman tiedonalansa kieltä ja tekstitaitoja, jotka kietoutuvat taustalla olevan tieteenalan tiedonmuodostuksen käytänteisiin. Tiedonalan tekstitaitojen opettaminen nojaa opettajien käsityksiin tiedonmuodostuksen käytänteistä sekä niihin liittyvästä tekstitoiminnasta. Tutkimme opettajien käsityksiä siitä, mikä on lähdeaineistojen kriittisen tarkastelun rooli ja mitä on opiskelijan oma pohdinta aineistopohjaisissa esseissä. Hyödynsimme tutkimuksen aineistona kahta historian opettajien ryhmäkeskustelua, jotka järjestettiin syksyllä 2020. Analyysimenetelmänä käytimme diskurssianalyysiä. Tuloksemme osoittivat, että opettajilla oli keskenään ristiriitaisia käsityksiä lähdeaineistojen kriittisen tarkastelun roolista: yhtäältä sitä pidettiin lukioon liian vaativana asiantuntijataitona, ja toisaalta lähdekritiikistä rakentui käsitys aineistojen käytön perustaitona. Sitä pidettiin myös mekaanisesti opittavana taitona, joka on arvioinnissa sivuroolissa. Opiskelijoiden omasta pohdinnasta keskusteltaessa rakentui käsitys lähdeaineistojen tulkinnasta, joka on liian vaativaa lukio-opetukseen ja johon ei ole lukiossa totuttu. Opettajien keskusteluissa keskusteltiinkin siitä, mitä muuta opiskelijan oma pohdinta voisi olla. We investigate upper secondary school history teachers’ beliefs regarding disciplinary literacies in the context of constructing and presenting knowledge in source-based essays. In upper secondary school, each teacher is a teacher of disciplinary literacy covering literacy practices intertwined with knowledge construction. Teaching relies on teachers’ beliefs regarding disciplinary literacy practices. We study teachers’ beliefs regarding source criticism and regarding students’ own reflection in source-based essays. The data of the study consist of two teachers’ group discussions organized in fall 2020. Our method of analysis was discourse analysis. Our findings show that the teachers had conflicting beliefs regarding source criticism: some teachers saw it as a demanding expert-level skill, whereas for others, it was a key sourcing skill. It was also seen as a mechanical skill that had a minor role in assessment. Students’ own reflection was understood as knowledge construction, a skill which was unfamiliar and too demanding in upper secondary school. In the group discussions, the teachers constructed alternative concepts of what students’ reflection could consist of.

In recent years, the perspective of lived religion has drawn attention toward the everyday religious practices of the laity. In early-modern Europe, the realm of the sacred could be approached in different ways from within the mundane world, and religious practices were tightly intertwined with social life. In local communities, religious ideas and practices taught by the church in varying ways intermingled with traits from local religious traditions. This article examines the different ways of religious participation available to the rural inhabitants of late 17th century Eastern Finland, a part of the kingdom of Sweden during the early modern era. Applying the concept and approach of lived religion, the article analyses how Eastern Finnish peasants adjusted their religious practices to their individual circumstances. The article also examines different kinds of interaction and influences affecting the choices of the laity in the sphere of religion. The article is based on surviving court and visitation records from the province of Savo, a rural area where distances between households were often large and many people had to travel a long way to reach the nearest church. It is in the article emphasized that while physical distances and other factors such as infirmity could restrict one’s ability to participate in religious activities at the parish church, the laity had different kinds of practices to choose from and they even created ways of religious participation for themselves. Religious practices could include participating in household feasts on holy days or bringing offerings to a devotional site near the household or in the forest. It is argued that while there were many traditional elements in the sphere of religion passed on to following generations, people also adopted and adapted new ideas in their everyday religious lives. peerReviewed

The paper claims that contemporary Russian cultural policy has been determined by political transformations associated with the political project to establish sovereignty that has organized Putin’s regime since 2012. The idea behind it is traced to Putin’s 2006 intention ‘to make a people out of a mere population’. To understand that intention, and to explain the contribution of culture and cultural policy to its concretization, the paper draws on Foucault’s account of sovereignty and governmentality, and the development of the Gramscian notion of hegemony. The paper argues that Putin’s regime uses governmentality in its hegemonic project to establish sovereignty. To describe that project, and the contribution of culture and cultural policy to it, the paper presents evidence of the relation between Putin’s political actions and changes in the structure of Russian state and government, Russian culture, and the cultural policy infrastructure. The paper begins with a discussion of the draft Concept of culture introduced in 2018 and concludes with an examination of its fate in order to raise the question of the contingency of Putin’s hegemonic project. peerReviewed