• Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
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International audience; The Latin words machina and organum can both be translated by "machine", but in the beginning of book X, Vitruvius makes a distinction between the two words according to two criteria: the number of operators (the machina is worked by several operators, the organum requires skill). In any case, the distinction does not refer to a difference between a compound machine and a simple machine, as it has sometimes been said. The object of this article is to examine if the distinction made by Vitruvius corresponds to the state of the language in the first century B.C., or if it is due to an impression proper to the author of De architectura ; and whether this distinction can explain the big divergence in the history of the two words, from Latin to modern languages : "machine" has kept a general meaning, "organ" refers to a specific musical instrument. We will examine in detail the examples given by Vitruvius to make a light on the distinction he made. They will be compared to other uses of these words by Vitruvius himself and other writers. Some contradictions appear in Vitruvius’ own texts, but a repartition of uses that are in some aspects consistent with Vitruvius’ theories, can be observed in the language. That repartition explains the divergence in the semantic evolution of the two words.

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At the mining area of El Centenillo (Baños de la Encina, Jaén) during several archaeological superficial studies and surveys a great amount of ancient fossilized miners works remains have been found inside the “socavones” (mines entrances) and “rafas”. Nevertheless, the insider part of the mine has not been studied yet. Therefore, in September 2010 we decided to carry out the first archaeological exploration. The main goal of this exploration was to document and identify those ancient subterranean works in order to identify them from the most modern and contemporary that could have been still intact. This first campaign was done at the same time as the archaeological excavation of the Bronze Age site of Peñalosa. Such work has been focussed in the exploration and the examination of the ancient mining works at the double vein of Mirador-Pelaguindas as well as in the South and its respective Northern veins and the results of it can be found in this paper. En el área minera de El Centenillo (Baños de la Encina, Jaén) se encuentran numerosos restos de trabajos mineros antiguos fosilizados en el terreno como socavones y rafas, los cuales han sido objeto de diversos estudios y prospecciones arqueológicas superficiales. Si bien la investigación del trazado interno de los mismos no había sido abordada hasta el momento por ningún investigador. Por ello, con el fin de documentar e identificar estas labores subterráneas antiguas de las más modernas y contemporáneas que aún podrían quedar intactas, planteamos la realización de una primera exploración arqueológica en septiembre de 2010, durante la campaña de excavación del yacimiento de la Edad del Bronce de Peñalosa. Dicha actuación se ha centrado en la exploración y reconocimiento de las labores mineras antiguas excavadas en la pareja filoniana Mirador-Pelaguindas y en el filón Sur y sus norteados, cuyo resultado recogemos en el presente artículo. Dans le secteur minier d’El Centenillo (Baños de la Encina, Jaén), de nombreux vestiges de travaux miniers anciens sont visibles en surface, tels que des travers-bancs et des tranchées. Par le passé, ils ont fait l’objet de diverses études et de prospections archéologiques de surface mais n’avaient jusqu’à aujourd’hui jamais été explorés. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons proposé la réalisation d’une première exploration archéologique en septembre 2010, durant la campagne de fouille du site de l’Âge du Bronze de Peñalosa, afin de tenter de caractériser ces anciens travaux souterrains. Cette intervention s’est concentrée sur l’exploration et la reconnaissance des travaux miniers localisés dans les filons croiseurs Mirador-Pelaguindas et dans le filon Sud et ses norteados, dont nous présentons les premiers résultats dans cet article.