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I 1998 ble Havrå det første område i Norge fredet som kulturmiljø etter kulturminnelovens § 20. Målet med fredningen var å ta vare på et vestnorsk klyngetun med tilhørende landbrukslandskap, som en historisk referanse om levekår og driftsform knyttet til det førindustrielle landbruket. Denne rapporten presenterer metoder og resultater med å etablere en første tilstandsbeskrivelse som kan brukes i fremtidig overvåking av Havrå kulturmiljø.

Rapporten dokumenterer fotografering og registrering i et seterområde i Sjodalen i Vågå i 2019. Arbeidet refererer til et etnologisk registreringsarbeid utført samme sted 50 år tidligere, i 1969. Seterhus og seterbruk betraktes i et 50 års tidperspektiv, men også i nåtid ved sammenligning med andre seterområder i samme landsdel. Bilder fra 1969 er refotografert i 2019.

Publisert versjon er også tilgjengelig hos utgiver: http://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1894-3195-2016-02-07

Berg-Kragerø Museum er en tidligere lystgård fra starten av 1800-tallet, som ble testamentert til Kragerø og Skåtøy kommune av den siste eieren, Henriette Marie “Jeia” Homann. Museet åpnet for publikum i 1955, og tilbyr ulike utstillinger og arrangementer. De besitter en omfattende samling av historiske bilder og objekter, og lystgårdens hovedhus står nesten uforandret fra siste eier. Museet ligger idyllisk til ved Hellefjorden, med gode tur- og rekreasjonsmuligheter. Ønsket fra Berg-Kragerø Museum var å skape mer liv og gjøre Berg til en mer attraktiv destinasjon. På bakgrunn av dette ønsket har vi utført en mulighetsstudie med fokus på hvordan formidling av lokalhistorien kan bidra til å skape en attraktiv destinasjon. Mulighetsstudien er egnet som utgangspunkt for videre forskning og videreføring av museets område. Oppgaven kartlegger en større del av lystgårdens eierhistorie sett mot den historiske utviklingen av den tilhørende parken. Gjennom arbeidet har vi forstått mer av hvordan Berg ble brukt, samt registrert historiske elementer som ikke lenger er synlige i parken. Analyser og registreringer gjort på stedet har gitt oss bedre forståelse av området og ulike hensyn som må vektlegges. Berg plante- og dyrefredningsområde er et av landets viktigste lokasjoner for mange billearter. Det legger begrensninger for bruken og videreutviklingen av området. Som et resultat av arbeidet med oppgaven foreslår vi en historisk vandring basert på Henriette Marie “Jeia” Homann, kalt “I “Jeias” fotspor”. Ved å formidle historien gjennom en vandring, unngår man større endringer innenfor museumsparken og fredningsområdet. Vandringen styrker stedsidentiteten og tilhørigheten gjennom historien knyttet til lystgården, folkene som bodde her og bruken av landskapet rundt. Sammen med vandringen foreslås “Billejakten”, en aktivitetsløype spesielt tilrettelagt barn. “Billejaken” gir kunnskap og forståelse rundt det biologiske mangfoldet og flere av de rødlistede billeartene som finnes på Berg. Berg-Kragerø Museum is a former country mansion from the early 1800s, that was given as a gift to the municipalities of Kragerø and Skåtøy by the former owner, Henriette Marie “Jeia” Homann. The museum opened its doors to the public in 1955 and offers a variety of events and exhibitions. The museum possesses a vast collection of historical photographs and objects and the main house is kept in its original form. It is beautifully located, with a view over Hellefjorden, in a terrain suited for walks and recreational activities. This thesis is based on the museum’s desire to increase the number of visitors and to make Berg a more appealing destination. We have explored the possibilities of achieving this by communicating history. The thesis provides a relevant base for further historical investigation and future restorations. We have described past ownerships and how they have affected the area’s appearance. We studied how the area had been used before and identified some elements that no longer exist in the park. Through analysis and registration, we gained a broader understanding of the area and of the cautionary measures that would need to be taken in order to protect and conserve wildlife. There is a protected wildlife zone within the museum’s property, where one of Norway’s most important locations for endangered beetles is found. As a result of our work, we suggest a historical walk based on the life of Henriette Marie “Jeia” Homann, called “In the footsteps of “Jeia””. With this walk we wanted to communicate her story, while preserving the historical ground and the protected wildlife. It will give the place a stronger identity and a better connection with its visitors. With the walk, we also propose a “Beetle hunt” in the form of an educational and entertaining trail designed for children and their families. The “beetle hunt” -trail provides knowledge and raises awareness of the local biodiversity and the endangered beetles. M-LA

Published version. Source at http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3689. The interior of the parish church at Trondenes in Harstad in Northern Norway is one of the best-preserved medieval interiors in Scandinavia. Four of its reredos have survived, three of them in situ. A significant characteristic of the decoration in the church is the pronounced presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship. The article explores the roles of these motifs in the iconography at Trondenes. Even though there are no sources related to the specific religious use of these motifs at Trondenes, our general knowledge of their cult elsewhere in Europe suggests how they might have been used in Trondenes. Among ordinary people in the medieval Northern Germany, the cult of Saint Anne and the Holy Kinship were related to the protection of sailors and to secure the growth of their income, as well as to protect against diseases. Usually these motifs were found in maritime, urban regions. St. Anne was regarded as a role model for the middle class women, and the Holy Kinship as a “self-image” of the trading middle class. Trondenes is the main Church in a large maritime region. In the late middle ages the fisheries along the coastline provided large incomes to the chapter of the Cathedral of Nidaros who owned Trondenes and to the local merchants at Trondenes. In such circumstances it is reasonable that the presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship at Trondenes was related to the protection of local sailors and to the growth of income from the fisheries.

The archaeological and literary records often appear to be at odds with oneanother when analyzed in the academic mileau. Identifying what sources are and are not reliable and accurate is one of the larger arguments in academia today. In this work, I have attempted to approach the issue of the Norse cultic practices before the arrival of Christianity. By comparing and contrasting the literary and archaeological sources on cultic structures, I hope to not only elucidate the picture of what Norse cultic practices were but also seek to analyze the relationship between the two types of sources. In order to do this, I have focused primarily on the Saga of Haakon the Good and the descriptions of Norse pre-Christian rituals within. I have contrasted this with examples of identified cultic sites primarily from Norway.

Published version. Source at http://doi.org/10.7557/13.3762. License CC BY 4.0. This article examines Gunnar Sommerfeldt’s 1921 silent movie adaptation of Knut Hamsun’s Nobel Prize novel Markens Grøde [Growth of the Soil] (1917). The article argues that what characterizes this very first Hamsun film adaptation is its emphasis on the dramatic and the spectacular and its foregrounding of northern Norwegian nature. Inspired by Martin Lefebvre’s distinction in Landscape and Film (2006) between nature-as-setting and nature-as-landscape, this article argues that the film not only uses nature as its main setting, but that it also makes use of a series of autonomous landscapes with a fairy tale dimension. Several of its visual compositions of persons and landscapes seem to be inspired by Norwegian nature and fairy tale painter Theodor Kittelsen’s work, e.g. Soria Moria Slott, Nøkken, Pesta and Norge, Norge.

In 1960, the Mexican government, through the Secretary of Public Education (SEP), implemented a policy of standardized textbooks for all. Every school student in the country, be they in public or private education, would receive a textbook for each subject of every grade free of charge. Since then, there have been nine sets of books, called generations. Throughout these generations, there are substantial changes on how they are written and how they portray certain people or events. This thesis explores those differences in the narrations and images of historic events in Mexico. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the History books used in 4th and 5th grade of elementary school from the generations of 1960, 1993, and 2014. I examine the changes in the representation of Spain, the Catholic Church, the United States, and historical figures important to Mexican history across the generations. The thesis is based on document analysis, particularly drawing on discourse analysis. I combine elements from Critical discourse analysis (CDA) and Discursive psychology to explore the content of the textbooks from different angles, particularly emphasizing the role of the textbooks in forging a national identity and national cohesion through the exaltation of heroes and common enemies. The textbooks are seen as tools for the Mexican state in the construction of a common identity, to promote collective views and values, to legitimize governments, and to impact the perception of external actors, such as Spain, the Church and United States.

<p align="LEFT">The development of tourism is a significant aspect of the processes of modernity in the High Arctic. This article discusses the British art historian and mountaineer Sir William Martin Conway's two travelogues, <em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">The First Crossing of Spitsbergen </span></em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1897) </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers </span></em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1898)</span>, in terms of a pioneering tourist approach to the archipelago of Svalbard. Unlike earlier yachting tourists, Conway described a journey into the uncharted interior of the main island, Spitsbergen. His books are therefore narrated as exploration accounts and following many of the demands of that genre, such as an emphasis on mapping, natural science and being the first. However, they may also be read as guidebooks for other discerning and undaunted British gentleman travellers. Inspired by the art critic John Ruskin’s “science of aspects”, which combined accurate scientific observations and practical knowledge with an imaginative and aesthetic response to the landscape, Conway attempts to give his readers a positive sense of the qualities of the Arctic. At the same time, he promotes Svalbard as an Arctic “Playground of Europe”, where adventurous Alpinists in addition to climbing unknown mountains and glaciers could find fraternal domesticity far away from home around the hearth of the campfire. In this way Conway locates natural beauty, life and recreational opportunities where travellers before him had only described desolation and death.</p>

Bygdeborger finnes i særlig stort antall i Vestfold. Her dannes et grunnlag for drøfting av hva bygdeborgene kan ha symbolisert, og om symbolikken er uttrykk for en enhetlig tradisjon på tvers av regioner, eller om det finnes særtrekk for Vestfold. Det er sannsynlig at plassene, høydene, som utgjør bygdeborglokalitetene, har vært viktige tilbake til bronsealderen. Murene kan ha blitt oppførte i periodene etter bronsealderen, med mulig byggefasestart i førromersk jernalder. Gjennom en vurdering av anlegges morfologi, landskapslokalisering, og deres arkeologiske kontekst kommer jeg frem til at bygdeborger nær Vestfoldraet og kysten var viktige symboler i landskapet, uttrykk for en skikk som hovedsakelig ble til på bakgrunn av impulser fra kontinentet, antagelig romerske, og som åsteder for ulike bruksområder som i tid kan knyttes til sen romertid og folkevandringstid. Andre anlegg i Lågendalen, eller i hovedsakelig nord-sørgående skogsterreng i det indre fylket har antagelig hatt andre roller, og kan ha vært viktige for kontroll med handel langs Lågendalen og som kontaktpunkter med Sandsvær og mot Skiensvassdraget. De kan også ha fungert som varslings- og tilfluktsanlegg. Anleggene ble benyttet, forlatt og så tatt i bruk på nytt, enten kontinuerlig eller i faser