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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Beier, Judith; Anthes, Nils; Wahl, Joachim; Harvati, Katerina;

    AbstractObjectivesThis study characterizes patterns of cranial trauma prevalence in a large sample of Upper Paleolithic (UP) fossil specimens (40,000–10,000 BP).Materials and MethodsOur sample comprised 234 individual crania (specimens), representing 1,285 cranial bones (skeletal elements), from 101 Eurasian UP sites. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess trauma prevalence in relation to age‐at‐death, sex, anatomical distribution, and between pre‐ and post‐Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples, while accounting for skeletal preservation.ResultsModels predicted a mean cranial trauma prevalence of 0.07 (95% CI 0.003–0.19) at the level of skeletal elements, and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08–0.48) at the level of specimens, each when 76–100% complete. Trauma prevalence increased with skeletal preservation. Across specimen and skeletal element datasets, trauma prevalence tended to be higher for males, and was consistently higher in the old age group. We found no time‐specific trauma prevalence patterns for the two sexes or age cohorts when comparing samples from before and after the LGM. Samples showed higher trauma prevalence in the vault than in the face, with vault remains being affected predominantly in males.DiscussionCranial trauma prevalence in UP humans falls within the variation described for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. According to our current dataset, UP males and females were exposed to slightly different injury risks and trauma distributions, potentially due to different activities or behaviors, yet both sexes exhibit more trauma among the old. Environmental stressors associated with climatic changes of the LGM are not reflected in cranial trauma prevalence. To analyze trauma in incomplete skeletal remains we propose GLMMs as an informative alternative to crude frequency calculations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODO; American Jou...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODO; American Jou...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Rowlands, D. A.; Young, G. T.;
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 1957
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    Biochemical Journal
    Article . 1957 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 1957
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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      Biochemical Journal
      Article . 1957 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yao-Ting eSung; Yao-Ting eSung; Jung-Yueh eTu; Jih-Ho eCha; +1 Authors

    The current study employed an eye-movement technique with an attempt to explore the reading patterns for the two types of Chinese relative clauses, subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) and object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs), by native speakers (L1), and Japanese learners (L2) of Chinese. The data were analyzed in terms of gaze duration, regression path duration, and regression rate on the two critical regions, head noun, and embedded verb. The results indicated that both the L1 and L2 participants spent less time on the head nouns in ORCs than in SRCs. Also, the L2 participants spent less time on the embedded verbs in ORCs than in SRCs and their regression rate for embedded verbs was generally lower in ORCs than in SRC. The findings showed that the participants experienced less processing difficulty in ORCs than SRCs. These results suggest an ORC preference in L1 and L2 speakers of Chinese, which provides evidence in support of linear distance hypothesis and implies that the syntactic nature of Chinese is at play in the RC processing.

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    Frontiers in Psychology
    Article . 2016
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2016
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    Frontiers in Psychology
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Psychology
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Psychology
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    ZENODO; Science
    Article . 1889 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 1889 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 1889
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      ZENODO; Science
      Article . 1889 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 1889 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 1889
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    Authors: Dodge, R. E.;

    n/a

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    ZENODO; Science
    Article . 1897 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC 0
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      ZENODO; Science
      Article . 1897 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ensor, Frederick;

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    ZENODO; The Lancet
    Article . 1878 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet
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      ZENODO; The Lancet
      Article . 1878 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet
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    Authors: Evans, David H.; King, Andy H.;

    Abstract Substantial numbers of the nautilid Cenoceras occur in a stratigraphically limited horizon within the upper part of the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian Stage) Blue Lias Formation at Watchet on the West Somerset Coast (United Kingdom). Individual nautilid conchs are associated with clusters of encrusting organisms (sclerobionts) forming ‘islands’ that may have been raised slightly above the surrounding substrate. Despite the relatively large numbers of nautilid conchs involved, detailed investigation of their preservation suggests that their accumulation reflects a reduction in sedimentation rates rather than an influx of empty conches or moribund animals. Throughout those horizons in which nautilids are present in relative abundance, the remains of ammonites are subordinate or rare. The reason for this unclear, and preferential dissolution of ammonite conchs during their burial does seem to provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.

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    Authors: Yujing Huang; Fernanda Ferreira;

    Acceptability judgments have been an important tool in language research. By asking a native speaker whether a linguistic token is acceptable, linguists and psycholinguists can collect negative evidence and directly test predictions by linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, which provide important insight into the human language capacity. In this paper, we first give a brief overview of this method including: (1) the linking hypothesis for this method, (2) the controversy about the test, and (3) limitations of the current analysis of the results. Then, we propose a new way of analyzing the data: Signal Detection Theory. Signal Detection Theory has been used in many other psychological research areas such as recognition memory and clinical assessments. In this paper, using two examples, we show how Signal Detection Theory can be applied to judgment data. The benefits of this approach are that it can: (1) show how well participants can differentiate the acceptable sentences from unacceptable ones and (2) describe the participant’s bias in the judgment. We conclude with a discussion of remaining questions and future directions.

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    Frontiers in Psychology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Psychology
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      Frontiers in Psychology
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    Authors: Richardson, Hugh;

    THOSE members of the British Association who visit South Africa this year will probably desire to spend as much time as they can near their journey's end. But it is just worth mentioning that some of the oceanic islands en route have very special attractions. For instance, I write from Teneriffe, which has igneous rocks, cinder cones, and lava streams for the geologist; and for the botanist all zones of vegetation from the subtropics to the snows. The scientific literature of the island is at present more in German than in English. A single day's excursion, 2000ft. up into the hills by electric tram, is possible whilst the steamer waits to coal. A week would allow of a short tour to Orotava and across the mountains to Guimar, through some of the most interesting parts of the island.

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    Nature; ZENODO
    Article . 1905 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Naomi, MacDonald;
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    The Lancet
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      The Lancet
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Beier, Judith; Anthes, Nils; Wahl, Joachim; Harvati, Katerina;

    AbstractObjectivesThis study characterizes patterns of cranial trauma prevalence in a large sample of Upper Paleolithic (UP) fossil specimens (40,000–10,000 BP).Materials and MethodsOur sample comprised 234 individual crania (specimens), representing 1,285 cranial bones (skeletal elements), from 101 Eurasian UP sites. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess trauma prevalence in relation to age‐at‐death, sex, anatomical distribution, and between pre‐ and post‐Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples, while accounting for skeletal preservation.ResultsModels predicted a mean cranial trauma prevalence of 0.07 (95% CI 0.003–0.19) at the level of skeletal elements, and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08–0.48) at the level of specimens, each when 76–100% complete. Trauma prevalence increased with skeletal preservation. Across specimen and skeletal element datasets, trauma prevalence tended to be higher for males, and was consistently higher in the old age group. We found no time‐specific trauma prevalence patterns for the two sexes or age cohorts when comparing samples from before and after the LGM. Samples showed higher trauma prevalence in the vault than in the face, with vault remains being affected predominantly in males.DiscussionCranial trauma prevalence in UP humans falls within the variation described for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. According to our current dataset, UP males and females were exposed to slightly different injury risks and trauma distributions, potentially due to different activities or behaviors, yet both sexes exhibit more trauma among the old. Environmental stressors associated with climatic changes of the LGM are not reflected in cranial trauma prevalence. To analyze trauma in incomplete skeletal remains we propose GLMMs as an informative alternative to crude frequency calculations.

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    Authors: Rowlands, D. A.; Young, G. T.;
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 1957
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    Biochemical Journal
    Article . 1957 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biochemical Journal
      Article . 1957 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yao-Ting eSung; Yao-Ting eSung; Jung-Yueh eTu; Jih-Ho eCha; +1 Authors

    The current study employed an eye-movement technique with an attempt to explore the reading patterns for the two types of Chinese relative clauses, subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) and object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs), by native speakers (L1), and Japanese learners (L2) of Chinese. The data were analyzed in terms of gaze duration, regression path duration, and regression rate on the two critical regions, head noun, and embedded verb. The results indicated that both the L1 and L2 participants spent less time on the head nouns in ORCs than in SRCs. Also, the L2 participants spent less time on the embedded verbs in ORCs than in SRCs and their regression rate for embedded verbs was generally lower in ORCs than in SRC. The findings showed that the participants experienced less processing difficulty in ORCs than SRCs. These results suggest an ORC preference in L1 and L2 speakers of Chinese, which provides evidence in support of linear distance hypothesis and implies that the syntactic nature of Chinese is at play in the RC processing.

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    Authors: Dodge, R. E.;

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      ZENODO; Science
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    Authors: Ensor, Frederick;

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    ZENODO; The Lancet
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    Authors: Evans, David H.; King, Andy H.;

    Abstract Substantial numbers of the nautilid Cenoceras occur in a stratigraphically limited horizon within the upper part of the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian Stage) Blue Lias Formation at Watchet on the West Somerset Coast (United Kingdom). Individual nautilid conchs are associated with clusters of encrusting organisms (sclerobionts) forming ‘islands’ that may have been raised slightly above the surrounding substrate. Despite the relatively large numbers of nautilid conchs involved, detailed investigation of their preservation suggests that their accumulation reflects a reduction in sedimentation rates rather than an influx of empty conches or moribund animals. Throughout those horizons in which nautilids are present in relative abundance, the remains of ammonites are subordinate or rare. The reason for this unclear, and preferential dissolution of ammonite conchs during their burial does seem to provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.

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    Authors: Yujing Huang; Fernanda Ferreira;

    Acceptability judgments have been an important tool in language research. By asking a native speaker whether a linguistic token is acceptable, linguists and psycholinguists can collect negative evidence and directly test predictions by linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, which provide important insight into the human language capacity. In this paper, we first give a brief overview of this method including: (1) the linking hypothesis for this method, (2) the controversy about the test, and (3) limitations of the current analysis of the results. Then, we propose a new way of analyzing the data: Signal Detection Theory. Signal Detection Theory has been used in many other psychological research areas such as recognition memory and clinical assessments. In this paper, using two examples, we show how Signal Detection Theory can be applied to judgment data. The benefits of this approach are that it can: (1) show how well participants can differentiate the acceptable sentences from unacceptable ones and (2) describe the participant’s bias in the judgment. We conclude with a discussion of remaining questions and future directions.

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    Authors: Richardson, Hugh;

    THOSE members of the British Association who visit South Africa this year will probably desire to spend as much time as they can near their journey's end. But it is just worth mentioning that some of the oceanic islands en route have very special attractions. For instance, I write from Teneriffe, which has igneous rocks, cinder cones, and lava streams for the geologist; and for the botanist all zones of vegetation from the subtropics to the snows. The scientific literature of the island is at present more in German than in English. A single day's excursion, 2000ft. up into the hills by electric tram, is possible whilst the steamer waits to coal. A week would allow of a short tour to Orotava and across the mountains to Guimar, through some of the most interesting parts of the island.

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