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International audience; Avec le développement de la production du sucre en Méditerranée et le basculement de cette activité vers le bassin occidental à la fin du XIVe siècle, l’approvisionnement des grandes places marchandes en sucre connaît une remarquable croissance. Les apothicaires et les maîtres sucriers déploient leurs talents et élargissent leurs gammes de produits élaborés à base de sucre. Confitures, confiseries et fruits confits glissent alors du domaine thérapeutique au domaine alimentaire et deviennent des produits consommés aussi par des gens sains. Des régions comme Valence se sont spécialisées dans la production et l’exportation de ces produits de luxe. La présence de la cour pontificale à Avignon a également joué un rôle de premier plan pour attirer des épiciers, des confiseurs et des hommes d’affaires, afin de développer la gamme des fruits confits et des confiseries, devenus désormais des éléments indispensables à la table des riches, aux banquets et aux réjouissances qu’ils organisent.

International audience; Cet article se propose de relire Eugénie Grandet de Balzac à la lumière de la notion d''atmosphère' telle que l'a élaborée le psychiatre phénoménologue Hubertus Tellenbach. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'éclairer la mélancolie du personnage d'Eugénie (déjà souvent et bien étudiée, par Nicole Mozet, Raymonde Debray-Genette ... ) sous un nouveau jour, mais de montrer comment l'atmosphérique est lié à la poétique du roman, comment il détermine la description des lieux, comment il explique l'apparition du portrait du personnage et comment il permet d'interpréter le déroulement de la fable. On suit en particulier le fil de l'aura d'Eugénie, métaphore de sa vie subjective et de son destin amoureux. Cet article se voudrait un fragment d'une réflexion plus générale sur roman et atmosphère de la fin du dix-huitième siècle aux années 1930.

In the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic after about 35,000 years ago, abstract or depictional images provide evidence for cognitive abilities considered integral to modern human behavior. Here we report on two abstract representations engraved on pieces of red ochre recovered from the Middle Stone Age layers at Blombos Cave in South Africa. A mean date of 77,000 years was obtained for the layers containing the engraved ochres by thermoluminescence dating of burnt lithics, and the stratigraphic integrity was confirmed by an optically stimulated luminescence age of 70,000 years on an overlying dune. These engravings support the emergence of modern human behavior in Africa at least 35,000 years before the start of the Upper Paleolithic. International audience

International audience; OBJECTIVES:To validate a novel speech audiometry method using customized self-voice recorded word lists with automated scoring.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The self-voice effect was investigated by comparing results with prerecorded or self-recorded CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) word lists. Then customized lists of 3-phoneme words were drawn up using the OTOSPEECH software package, and their scores were compared to those for reference lists. Finally, the customized list scores were compared on automated (Dynamic Time Warping [DTW]) versus manual scoring.RESULTS:Self-voice did not change scores for perception of CVC words at 10, 20 and 30 dB (ANOVA>0.05). Scores obtained with pre-recorded and self-recorded lists correlated (n=10, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01). Customized list scores correlated strongly with the reference cochlear lists of Lafon in normal-hearing (n=77, R(2)=0.83, P<0.001) and hearing-impaired populations (n=13, R(2)=0.89, P<0.001). Results on the automated and manual scoring methods correlated in both populations (n=77, R(2)=0.71, P<0.01; and n=13, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01, respectively), with DTW scores ranging from 24.17 to 53.24.CONCLUSIONS:Automated scoring of customized self-voice recorded lists for speech audiometry displayed results similar to conventional audiometric techniques.

International audience; When policymakers and private agents use models, the economists who design the model have an incentive to alter it in order to influence outcomes in a fashion consistent with their own preferences. I discuss some consequences of the existence of such ideological bias. In particular, I analyze the role of measurement infrastructures such as national statistical institutes, the extent to which intellectual competition between different schools of thought may lead to polarization of views over some parameters and at the same time to consensus over other parameters, and finally how the attempt to preserve influence can lead to degenerative research programs.

Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words can pose serious challenges for machine translation (MT) tasks, and in particular, for low-resource language (LRL) pairs, i.e., language pairs for which few or no parallel corpora exist. Our work adapts variants of seq2seq models to perform transduction of such words from Hindi to Bhojpuri (an LRL instance), learning from a set of cognate pairs built from a bilingual dictionary of Hindi--Bhojpuri words. We demonstrate that our models can be effectively used for language pairs that have limited parallel corpora; our models work at the character level to grasp phonetic and orthographic similarities across multiple types of word adaptations, whether synchronic or diachronic, loan words or cognates. We describe the training aspects of several character level NMT systems that we adapted to this task and characterize their typical errors. Our method improves BLEU score by 6.3 on the Hindi-to-Bhojpuri translation task. Further, we show that such transductions can generalize well to other languages by applying it successfully to Hindi -- Bangla cognate pairs. Our work can be seen as an important step in the process of: (i) resolving the OOV words problem arising in MT tasks, (ii) creating effective parallel corpora for resource-constrained languages, and (iii) leveraging the enhanced semantic knowledge captured by word-level embeddings to perform character-level tasks. 47 pages, 4 figures, 21 tables (including Appendices)

Brun Patrice. Hyperbolos, la création d'une "légende noire". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, 1987. pp. 183-198.