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International audience; Avec le développement de la production du sucre en Méditerranée et le basculement de cette activité vers le bassin occidental à la fin du XIVe siècle, l’approvisionnement des grandes places marchandes en sucre connaît une remarquable croissance. Les apothicaires et les maîtres sucriers déploient leurs talents et élargissent leurs gammes de produits élaborés à base de sucre. Confitures, confiseries et fruits confits glissent alors du domaine thérapeutique au domaine alimentaire et deviennent des produits consommés aussi par des gens sains. Des régions comme Valence se sont spécialisées dans la production et l’exportation de ces produits de luxe. La présence de la cour pontificale à Avignon a également joué un rôle de premier plan pour attirer des épiciers, des confiseurs et des hommes d’affaires, afin de développer la gamme des fruits confits et des confiseries, devenus désormais des éléments indispensables à la table des riches, aux banquets et aux réjouissances qu’ils organisent.

International audience; Cet article se propose de relire Eugénie Grandet de Balzac à la lumière de la notion d''atmosphère' telle que l'a élaborée le psychiatre phénoménologue Hubertus Tellenbach. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'éclairer la mélancolie du personnage d'Eugénie (déjà souvent et bien étudiée, par Nicole Mozet, Raymonde Debray-Genette ... ) sous un nouveau jour, mais de montrer comment l'atmosphérique est lié à la poétique du roman, comment il détermine la description des lieux, comment il explique l'apparition du portrait du personnage et comment il permet d'interpréter le déroulement de la fable. On suit en particulier le fil de l'aura d'Eugénie, métaphore de sa vie subjective et de son destin amoureux. Cet article se voudrait un fragment d'une réflexion plus générale sur roman et atmosphère de la fin du dix-huitième siècle aux années 1930.

In the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic after about 35,000 years ago, abstract or depictional images provide evidence for cognitive abilities considered integral to modern human behavior. Here we report on two abstract representations engraved on pieces of red ochre recovered from the Middle Stone Age layers at Blombos Cave in South Africa. A mean date of 77,000 years was obtained for the layers containing the engraved ochres by thermoluminescence dating of burnt lithics, and the stratigraphic integrity was confirmed by an optically stimulated luminescence age of 70,000 years on an overlying dune. These engravings support the emergence of modern human behavior in Africa at least 35,000 years before the start of the Upper Paleolithic. International audience

The current study employed an eye-movement technique with an attempt to explore the reading patterns for the two types of Chinese relative clauses, subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) and object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs), by native speakers (L1), and Japanese learners (L2) of Chinese. The data were analyzed in terms of gaze duration, regression path duration, and regression rate on the two critical regions, head noun, and embedded verb. The results indicated that both the L1 and L2 participants spent less time on the head nouns in ORCs than in SRCs. Also, the L2 participants spent less time on the embedded verbs in ORCs than in SRCs and their regression rate for embedded verbs was generally lower in ORCs than in SRC. The findings showed that the participants experienced less processing difficulty in ORCs than SRCs. These results suggest an ORC preference in L1 and L2 speakers of Chinese, which provides evidence in support of linear distance hypothesis and implies that the syntactic nature of Chinese is at play in the RC processing.

International audience; OBJECTIVES:To validate a novel speech audiometry method using customized self-voice recorded word lists with automated scoring.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The self-voice effect was investigated by comparing results with prerecorded or self-recorded CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) word lists. Then customized lists of 3-phoneme words were drawn up using the OTOSPEECH software package, and their scores were compared to those for reference lists. Finally, the customized list scores were compared on automated (Dynamic Time Warping [DTW]) versus manual scoring.RESULTS:Self-voice did not change scores for perception of CVC words at 10, 20 and 30 dB (ANOVA>0.05). Scores obtained with pre-recorded and self-recorded lists correlated (n=10, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01). Customized list scores correlated strongly with the reference cochlear lists of Lafon in normal-hearing (n=77, R(2)=0.83, P<0.001) and hearing-impaired populations (n=13, R(2)=0.89, P<0.001). Results on the automated and manual scoring methods correlated in both populations (n=77, R(2)=0.71, P<0.01; and n=13, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01, respectively), with DTW scores ranging from 24.17 to 53.24.CONCLUSIONS:Automated scoring of customized self-voice recorded lists for speech audiometry displayed results similar to conventional audiometric techniques.

International audience; When policymakers and private agents use models, the economists who design the model have an incentive to alter it in order to influence outcomes in a fashion consistent with their own preferences. I discuss some consequences of the existence of such ideological bias. In particular, I analyze the role of measurement infrastructures such as national statistical institutes, the extent to which intellectual competition between different schools of thought may lead to polarization of views over some parameters and at the same time to consensus over other parameters, and finally how the attempt to preserve influence can lead to degenerative research programs.