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International audience; This study experimentally captures the effects of reforming intellectual property (IP) and measures whether abolishing IP after a vote can reduce the creativity of the most talented innovators. The subjects start in a baseline setting with IP and then move to a second unannounced phase in which IP has or has not been abolished. First, we manipulate exogenously the presence or absence of the possibility to vote for or against IP. Second, we manipulate the information given to the subjects after the first phase. In the information treatment, we inform the subjects right before the vote that a previous experiment that used the same design (Brüggemann et al., 2016) showed that the no IP regime significantly increased players’ gains. Contrary to preregistered expectations, the results show that undergoing a vote does not reduce overall creativity. Actually, the most talented innovators do not vote in favor of IP. Rather, the subjects who vote in favor of IP are those who benefit relatively more from royalties. Surprisingly, no correlation is found between these two populations: the IP in our experiment seems to not reward the best players, but the players who choose an ‘IP-driven’ strategy of focusing on more extensible words while simultaneously relying on their own creations forego cross-fertilization with other players. These are relatively low-skilled players who choose a rent-seeking strategy that maximizes gains from the IP system itself. There are plausible arguments that this result is at least partly valid in the real world, especially for complex and highly sequential innovations where it has been proven that patent trolls and anti-competitive strategies are important.; Cette étude saisit expérimentalement les effets de la réforme de la propriété intellectuelle (PI) et mesure si l'abolition de la PI après un vote peut réduire la créativité des innovateurs les plus talentueux. Les sujets commencent dans un cadre de référence avec la PI et passent ensuite à une deuxième phase non annoncée dans laquelle la PI a été ou non abolie. Tout d'abord, nous manipulons de manière exogène la présence ou l'absence de la possibilité de voter pour ou contre la propriété intellectuelle. Deuxièmement, nous manipulons les informations données aux sujets après la première phase. Dans le traitement de l'information, nous informons les sujets juste avant le vote qu'une expérience précédente utilisant le même modèle (Brüggemann et al., 2016) a montré que le régime sans PI augmentait significativement les gains des joueurs. Contrairement aux attentes préenregistrées, les résultats montrent que le fait de subir un vote ne réduit pas la créativité globale. En fait, les innovateurs les plus talentueux ne votent pas en faveur de la propriété intellectuelle. Au contraire, les sujets qui votent en faveur de la propriété intellectuelle sont ceux qui bénéficient relativement plus des redevances. Il est surprenant de constater qu'il n'y a pas de corrélation entre ces deux populations : dans notre expérience, la propriété intellectuelle semble ne pas récompenser les meilleurs joueurs, mais les joueurs qui choisissent une stratégie "axée sur la propriété intellectuelle" consistant à se concentrer sur des mots plus extensibles tout en s'appuyant sur leurs propres créations renoncent à la fertilisation croisée avec d'autres joueurs. Il s'agit d'acteurs relativement peu qualifiés qui choisissent une stratégie de recherche de rente qui maximise les gains tirés du système de propriété intellectuelle lui-même. Il existe des arguments plausibles selon lesquels ce résultat est au moins partiellement valable dans le monde réel, en particulier pour les innovations complexes et hautement séquentielles pour lesquelles il a été prouvé que les chasseurs de brevets et les stratégies anticoncurrentielles sont importants.

Plans for the European Proteomics Association (EuPA) were conceived and established during 2004 and 2005, and culminated in the formal inception of the organisation during the 4th HUPO World Congress held in Munich in 2005. The mission from the outset has been three-tiered and is to: i) strengthen the national Proteomics organizations in their efforts; ii) to co-ordinate and provide educational programs, and iii) to advance the networking of scientists through meetings, workshops and student exchange. Linked to the mission were objectives to emphasise the benefits and contributions of Proteomics to biological and industrial researchers, the general public and science policy makers in Europe. In addition, the EuPA set out to promote scientific exchange for all applications and technology development related to Proteomics, and coordinate joint activities of national Proteomics societies at the European level. To achieve these tasks an organisational structure was conceived whereby four Activity Committees (Conferences/Communications, Education, EuPA-HUPO-Interactions and Funding) were implemented and a General Council consisting of all member countries. The remarkable rise and progress the EuPA has achieved in this small time frame is reported here. Udgivelsesdato: 2008-Apr-30

International audience; The emergence of illiberal science policy also raises serious questions about the European scientific authorization process as the rapid spread of illiberal science policies, such as closing accredited study programs and research institutions, privatizing higher education, appointing university leaders based on their loyalty to the government, ignoring quality assurance, etc. demand not only a reaction but also critical analysis. The article applies the theoretical framework of the polypore state (Grzebalska, Pető) to tackle the difficulty lies in understanding the rise of illiberal science policy in Hungary, as it is a twofold case study in both polypore government control/state capture, and neoliberal marketization of higher education. The rapid spread of illiberal science policies, such as closing accredited study programs and research institutions, privatizing higher education, appointing university leaders based on their loyalty to the government, ignoring quality assurance, etc. demands not only a reaction but also critical analysis. 1 In this paper I claim that science policy, as a national competency with an international character, is especially suited to spearhead illiberalization efforts because it offers something no other policy field can offer: academic authorization. Via academic authorization, science policy secures the legitimacy of all other illiberal states' activities. Illiberal politicians and oligarchs alike recognized the importance of educational institutions as sites of knowledge production and transfer, training of loyal supporters, academic authorization, and dissemination of ideas abroad. Illiberal spin doctors have similarly acknowledged that the academic authority granted by these organizations is necessary not only to legitimize their ideological agenda, but more importantly to secure employment for the loyal supporters who will train further loyal supporters, who then will take over the already existing educational and research institutions. In their communications, evidence-based policymaking has been the basis of governance. Illiberal politicos also refer to surveys and research conducted by experts, with the difference that the surveys do not meet academic standards and boast neither authorization from academic institutions nor measurable scientific achievements. 2

The statistical challenges of globalization are profound. We cannot rely solely on national statistics to understand how economies work and how to create industrial policies focusing on competitiveness. It is necessary to see the whole. National statistics build pictures based on relationships between producers and consumers and the rest of the world. But these relationships, especially those with the rest of the world, have become increasingly more complex. There is an increasing need to consider global production within a global accounting framework. This implies a departure from the traditional role of international organizations as compilers of internationally comparable national statistics to bring together the national tables to create a global table.

International audience; Nancy Cartwright's charge against horizontal reductionism leads to a claim about how the world is, namely “dappled.” By proposing a simple thought-experiment, I show that Cartwright's division of the world into “nomological” machines and “messy” systems for which no law applies is meaningless. The thought-experiment shows that for a system, having the property of being a nomological machine depends on what kind of questions you ask about it. No metaphysical conclusion about the world being unruly or not can be drawn from a division that is question-dependent. Moreover, I argue that this predicament undermines Cartwright's attempt to provide an illustration of how bad metaphysics of science translates into bad scientific methodologies and policies.

International audience; The crucial and growing role performed by different financial intermediaries such as venture capitalists and angel investors as well as more traditional intermediaries such as commercial banks in developing entrepreneurial or innovative firms and boosting product market innovations has led to great research interest in the economics of innovation and entrepreneurial finance. Besides this, there are some important factors or developments which have affected the entrepreneurial finance in general as well as its influence upon different entrepreneurial or innovative firms. Indeed, it is also true that the financial and ownership structures of the different entrepreneurial firms and the legal as well as institutional environment, in which they operate, itself affects the product market innovations (Chemmanur and Fulghieri, 2014). .Therefore, in this paper I want to target a broad theme i.e. analysis of the mechanisms behind this scenario, especially, in the context of Indian market system.

The view from the south is, more than ever, dominated by ominous signs of change. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are intrinsic to the Earth system, and their evolution is intertwined with and influences the course of the Anthropocene. In turn, changes in the Antarctic affect and presage humanity's future. Growing understanding is countering popular beliefs that Antarctica is pristine, stable, isolated, and reliably frozen. An aspirational roadmap for Antarctic science has facilitated research since 2014. A renewed commitment to gathering further knowledge will quicken the pace of understanding of Earth systems and beyond. Progress is already evident, such as addressing uncertainties in the causes and pace of ice loss and global sea-level rise. However, much remains to be learned. As an iconic global “commons,” the rapidity of Antarctic change will provoke further political action. Antarctic research is more vital than ever to a sustainable future for this One Earth.