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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2016Publisher:MDPI AG Frank Vriesekoop; Jing Chen; Jenna Oldaker; Flavien Besnard; Reece Smith; William Leversha; Cheralee Smith-Arnold; Julie Worrall; Emily Rufray; Qipeng Yuan; Hao Liang; Amalia G.M. Scannell; Cryn Russell;In this study we report the underlying reasons to why bacteria are present on banknotes and coins. Despite the use of credit cards, mobile phone apps, near-field-communication systems, and cryptocurrencies such as bitcoins which are replacing the use of hard currencies, cash exchanges still make up a significant means of exchange for a wide range of purchases. The literature is awash with data that highlights that both coins and banknotes are frequently identified as fomites for a wide range of microorganisms. However, most of these publications fail to provide any insight into the extent to which bacteria adhere and persist on money. We treated the various currencies used in this study as microcosms, and the bacterial loading from human hands as the corresponding microbiome. We show that the substrate from which banknotes are produced have a significant influence on both the survival and adherence of bacteria to banknotes. Smooth, polymer surfaces provide a poor means of adherence and survival, while coarser and more fibrous surfaces provide strong bacterial adherence and an environment to survive on. Coins were found to be strongly inhibitory to bacteria with a relatively rapid decline in survival on almost all coin surfaces tested. The inhibitory influence of coins was demonstrated through the use of antimicrobial disks made from coins. Despite the toxic effects of coins on many bacteria, bacteria do have the ability to adapt to the presence of coins in their environment which goes some way to explain the persistent presence of low levels of bacteria on coins in circulation.
Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/4/42/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2016Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5192525Data sources: PubMed Centraladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms4040042&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 12 citations 12 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!more_vert Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/4/42/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2016Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5192525Data sources: PubMed Centraladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms4040042&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2019 SpainPublisher:MDPI AG Elena Levin; Ginat Raphael; Jing Ma; Ana-Rosa Ballester; Oleg Feygenberg; John L. Norelli; Radi Aly; Luis González-Candelas; Michael Wisniewski; Samir Droby;Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of P. expansum in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of P. expansum. The genes were designated Penlp1 and Penlp2 and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While Penlp1 expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of Penlp2 expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of Penlp1, but not Penlp2, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). This research was funded by Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), 1936/14, awarded to Samir Droby. © The Author(s). Peer reviewed
Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/6/175/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2019Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6616513Data sources: PubMed CentralRecolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA; DIGITAL.CSICArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms7060175&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 29 citations 29 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!visibility 11visibility views 11 download downloads 65 Powered bymore_vert Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/6/175/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2019Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6616513Data sources: PubMed CentralRecolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA; DIGITAL.CSICArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms7060175&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2016Publisher:MDPI AG Frank Vriesekoop; Jing Chen; Jenna Oldaker; Flavien Besnard; Reece Smith; William Leversha; Cheralee Smith-Arnold; Julie Worrall; Emily Rufray; Qipeng Yuan; Hao Liang; Amalia G.M. Scannell; Cryn Russell;In this study we report the underlying reasons to why bacteria are present on banknotes and coins. Despite the use of credit cards, mobile phone apps, near-field-communication systems, and cryptocurrencies such as bitcoins which are replacing the use of hard currencies, cash exchanges still make up a significant means of exchange for a wide range of purchases. The literature is awash with data that highlights that both coins and banknotes are frequently identified as fomites for a wide range of microorganisms. However, most of these publications fail to provide any insight into the extent to which bacteria adhere and persist on money. We treated the various currencies used in this study as microcosms, and the bacterial loading from human hands as the corresponding microbiome. We show that the substrate from which banknotes are produced have a significant influence on both the survival and adherence of bacteria to banknotes. Smooth, polymer surfaces provide a poor means of adherence and survival, while coarser and more fibrous surfaces provide strong bacterial adherence and an environment to survive on. Coins were found to be strongly inhibitory to bacteria with a relatively rapid decline in survival on almost all coin surfaces tested. The inhibitory influence of coins was demonstrated through the use of antimicrobial disks made from coins. Despite the toxic effects of coins on many bacteria, bacteria do have the ability to adapt to the presence of coins in their environment which goes some way to explain the persistent presence of low levels of bacteria on coins in circulation.
Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/4/42/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2016Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5192525Data sources: PubMed Centraladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms4040042&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 12 citations 12 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!more_vert Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/4/42/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2016Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5192525Data sources: PubMed Centraladd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms4040042&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2019 SpainPublisher:MDPI AG Elena Levin; Ginat Raphael; Jing Ma; Ana-Rosa Ballester; Oleg Feygenberg; John L. Norelli; Radi Aly; Luis González-Candelas; Michael Wisniewski; Samir Droby;Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of P. expansum in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of P. expansum. The genes were designated Penlp1 and Penlp2 and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While Penlp1 expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of Penlp2 expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of Penlp1, but not Penlp2, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). This research was funded by Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), 1936/14, awarded to Samir Droby. © The Author(s). Peer reviewed
Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/6/175/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2019Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6616513Data sources: PubMed CentralRecolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA; DIGITAL.CSICArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms7060175&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 29 citations 29 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!visibility 11visibility views 11 download downloads 65 Powered bymore_vert Microorganisms arrow_drop_down MicroorganismsOther literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/6/175/pdfEurope PubMed CentralArticle . 2019Full-Text: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6616513Data sources: PubMed CentralRecolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA; DIGITAL.CSICArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/microorganisms7060175&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu