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Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on perehtyä ydinaseiden kehitykseen ja ydinasevaltioihin. Ydinaseiden keksimiseen johtavat ensimmäiset fysiikan havainnot tehtiin 1900-luvun alussa. Tämä huipentui fission keksimiseen ennen toista maailmansotaa. Fission, sekä samoihin aikoihin löydetyn plutoniumin avulla ydinaseista tuli mahdollisia. Ydinaseisiin tarvittava korkearikasteinen uraani tuotetaan luonnonuraanista nykyään yleensä kaasusentrifugeilla ja plutonium tavallisilla ydinreaktoreilla. Ydinpommeja on kahta eri tyyppiä: fissio- ja vetypommit. Fissiopommeja on puolestaan kahta erilaista: tykkityyppinen ja imploosiotyyppinen ase. Tykkityyppisessä voidaan käyttää vain korkearikasteista uraania, mutta imploosiotyyppisessä voidaan käyttää myös plutoniumia. Vetypommissa hyödynnetään fission lisäksi myös fuusiota. Ydinasevaltioita on tällä hetkellä yhdeksän, joista neljä tuottaa edelleen fissiiliä materiaalia asekäyttöön. Yksi suurimmista ydinaseiden vähentymiseen johtavista tekijöistä oli kansainvälinen ydinsulkusopimus, jolla myös estetään uusien ydinasevaltioiden synty. Tällä hetkellä ydinaseita on vain kaksi kertaa käytetty sodassa ja onkin todennäköistä, että niiden olemassaolon takia ei ole ollut maailmanlaajuista sotaa. Koska ydinaseiden poisto vaatisi myös fissiilien materiaalien asetuoton lopettamista ja laajaa, sekä avointa kansainvälistä yhteistyötä, on todennäköistä, että sitä ei tapahdu lähivuosina tai edes -vuosikymmeninä.

Drying, a crucial step in process engineering aimed at producing optimal product moisture content, has evolved over time from batch processing methods to continuous processing alternatives. Continuous drying methods offer uniform moisture content of the product at lower operational cost. In this study, a continuous veneer drying model was developed based on mass and energy balances. The simulated veneer dryer is a semiautomatic machine designed to maximise the drying process efficiency via control mechanisms such as the veneer transport rate, fan speed, opening angle of the inlet and outlet dampers, and radiator temperature. In the dryer, veneer plates are conveyed horizontally through the number of connected chambers where hot air is blown transversely. The optimal drying process is dynamically maintained via the Proportional–integral–derivative controllers, manipulating the rate of the damper lids opening, that are connected to the sensors monitoring the air properties in the chambers of the drying unit. The model-based sensitivity analysis ANOVA was carried out for energy optimisation purposes. The analysis outcomes indicated that radiator temperature, initial moisture content of veneer sheets and conveyor speed are the most influential parameters affecting the drying rate. Automatic control of damper lids provides optimal temperature and moisture content of drying environment at lower energy costs. Post-print / Final draft

This doctoral study was conducted as an inquiry of the international entrepreneur in order to balance off the domination of firm-level studies and limited discussion of the individual as the initial driver in the international entrepreneurship phenomenon (IE). Two research questions guide the study: ‘How do individuals make sense of themselves as becoming and being international entrepreneurs?’ and ‘How to theorise of individuals becoming and being international entrepreneurs through a narrative approach?’. With a processual view of the phenomenon, this study embraces IE as a journey and approaches histories and sense-making of individuals through narrative inquiry, paying attention to the different efforts by which entrepreneurs (and researchers) contextualize—and constitute—the personal-level IE journeys. The qualitative dataset consists of interviews and historical data. Data analysis builds on ‘hermeneutic reasoning’, suggesting that meanings and implications of journeys individuals have undertaken can be better grasped after they have unfolded in time. The findings in the four publications construct the contribution of this article-based dissertation. Publications I, II and III embrace narrative sense-making as meaning structure to past actions and lived events and illuminate how the international entrepreneurial ‘self’ as an actor and agent in retrospect manifests individuals as the ‘autobiographical authors’ in regard to developmental, transitional and generational experiences and their meanings in becoming and being an international entrepreneur. They provide evidence of how the founders’ sense-making and identity work feed into the behavioural orientations and ‘bounded and boundaryless’ career journeys of becoming and being international. Publications I, III and IV are novel attempts to address empirically the social historic process in which IE is embedded and its significance for the individual. When analysed against the (inter)generational backdrop of individuals’ actions and life-events, we may trace how international entrepreneurs are the protagonists of their own generations and leaving a legacy to the next.

This study evaluates the potential of the oxidative fast pyrolysis (OFP) of eucalyptus wood residues (EWR) for producing bio-oil to replace fossil fuels in the lime kilns of the pulp industry. OFP is an alternative to inert-atmosphere fast pyrolysis where separate heat addition stage is not required. OFP was studied by characterizing the fuel using proximate and elemental chemical analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and heating value. Then, OFP experiments in a pilot-scale autothermal fluidized reactor were done with EWR. Pyrolysis products were gases, bio-char and bio-oil (heavy and light). The gases were burnt, and the energy used for heating the fluidization air. Heavy bio-oil energy yield of 30% and 21.4 MJ kg−1 lower heating value indicate good potential for fuel applications. The results were used to model and evaluate industrial-scale cases. Integration with the pulp mill recovery boiler and steam cycle allows easy recovery of the considerable waste heat from the process itself, as well as the combustion of solid and gaseous residues. Economic analysis indicates profitability for OFP of fine EWRs from the mill. A higher net present value, but longer payback period, was obtained for a larger OFP plant using purchased feedstock. Stand-alone production was found unprofitable. Publishers version

We suggest key performance indicators (KPIs) that provide a systematic framework to analyse the functioning of utility model (UM) systems. The KPIs are based on a literature review and a content analysis of the webpages of IP offices in countries offering UM protection in 2021. Generally, the IP offices highlight UMs to be shorter, simpler, faster, and cheaper protection methods compared to patents but there are differences how these features are highlighted. The differences between UMs and patents lead to multidimensional sorting as economic agents choose within the IP menu which determine the observed differences in characteristics and outcomes of patents and UMs. National differences call for separate context-dependent KPIs for UM systems. Publishers version