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Литературное потомство «тройки» Гоголя : Пастернак и Гумилев В романах крупного масштаба смерть главного персонажа и обстоятельства этой смерти обладают каким-то ударным содержанием, нередко переходящим в главный образ-символ всего действия. Так и случилось с Борисом Пастернаком. В романе Доктор Живаго смерть Юрия Андреевича тщательно инсценирована посредством связной системы знаков, которая невольно заставляет думать о финале первого тома Мертвых душ Гоголя при том различии, что все соответствующие знаки перевернуты. Такие знаки можно, кажется, свести к пяти основным образам-гнездам. Первое гнездо относится к центральному материальному образу (средству передвижения) – тройке-трамваю. Второе – к настроению пассажира. Третье — к обстановке и пейзажу. Четвертое — к слуховому фону. Пятое — к образу пешехода, который владеет тайной назначения трамвая или тройки. Не только у Пастернака, должно быть, среди писателей послеоктябрьского периода присутствовал где-то в сознании – или в подсознании – колосальный образ летучей тройки Гоголя. Один из первых, если уж конечно не самый первый, Гумилев трагически переосмыслил ее в начальных строфах Заблудившегося трамвая. Выяснив своеобразное преломление финала Мертвых душ у Пастернака и Гумилева, исследователю приходится раскрыть возможное влияние гумилевского восприятия на соответствующий эпизод из Доктора Живаго. Преобладание « рядов » сближения между неизбежными расхождениями указывает на то, что в сцене смерти Юрия Живаго, обращенной против гениального, но несколько напыщенного представления Гоголя, была и своя доля «чтения» Гумилевым того же финала Мертвых душ. Allain Louis. Résurgences de la « troïka » de Gogol´ chez Pasternak et Gumilëv. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 59, fascicule 4, 1987. Tome 59, fascicule 4. pp. 777-787.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar tres morfemas pronominales «-te», «-lo» y «-o» que indexan, en el verbo, el número de P (argumento más parecido al paciente de cláusula transitiva) en construcciones con afijos aplicativos. Presentamos los rasgos semánticos que se indexan y avanzamos en la discusión sobre su estatus de índices pronominales a partir de su comparación con otros morfemas verbales que codifican las funciones sintácticas de argumentos sujeto en cláusulas sin aplicativos. En nuestro análisis, seguimos la propuesta de Haspelmath (2013), que incluye las formas personales dependientes y las denominadas marcas de concordancia dentro de un fenómeno amplio: la indexación. El análisis se basa en un corpus oral de carácter narrativo y de oraciones elicitadas con consultante de referencia. El corpus fue recolectado con hablantes que viven en distintas comunidades del Este de la provincia de Formosa (Argentina). The aim of this paper is to analyze the verbal pronominal morphemes «-te», «-lo», and «-o» that encode number of P (more patient–like argument of transitive clauses) on constructions with applicative affixes. These verbal pronominal morphemes are described in terms of their semantic features, and specially in regards to their status as pronominal indexes by comparison with the ones that encode the syntactic functions of the subject arguments on clauses without applicatives. In this paper, in accordance with Haspelmath (2013), the description of dependent pronominal forms and agreement markers are included within a wider phenomenon called indexation. The analysis proposed is based on a corpus of oral narrative texts and elicited clauses collected by fieldwork carried out in Toba communities from eastern Formosa (Argentina). O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar três morfemas pronominais «-te», «-lo», «-o», que indexam, no verbo, o número de P (argumento mais parecido ao paciente na oração transitiva) em construções com afixos aplicativos. Apresentamos os traços semânticos que são indexados e avançamos na discussão sobre seu status de índices pronominais a partir de sua comparação com outros morfemas verbais que codificam as funções sintáticas de argumentos sujeito em orações sem aplicativos. Em nossa análise, seguimos a proposta de Haspelmath (2013), que inclui as formas pessoais dependentes e as denominadas marcas de concordância dentro de um fenômeno amplo: a indexação. A análise se baseia no corpus oral de caráter narrativo e de orações elicitadas com consultante de referência. O corpus foi coletado com falantes que moram em diferentes comunidades do leste da província de Formosa (Argentina). Fil: González, Raúl Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas; Argentina

The current study employed an eye-movement technique with an attempt to explore the reading patterns for the two types of Chinese relative clauses, subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) and object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs), by native speakers (L1), and Japanese learners (L2) of Chinese. The data were analyzed in terms of gaze duration, regression path duration, and regression rate on the two critical regions, head noun, and embedded verb. The results indicated that both the L1 and L2 participants spent less time on the head nouns in ORCs than in SRCs. Also, the L2 participants spent less time on the embedded verbs in ORCs than in SRCs and their regression rate for embedded verbs was generally lower in ORCs than in SRC. The findings showed that the participants experienced less processing difficulty in ORCs than SRCs. These results suggest an ORC preference in L1 and L2 speakers of Chinese, which provides evidence in support of linear distance hypothesis and implies that the syntactic nature of Chinese is at play in the RC processing.

This text consists of a study on representations of rural primary schools in Brazil, especially of the state of São Paulo, in seeking to understand how the images contributed to strengthen the contempt towards rural school and society. The documentary corpus research consists of 199 photographs of rural schools attached to the reports of the Regional Offices of Education, technical inspection bodies of the Department of Education of the State of São Paulo, produced from 1933 to 1943. The photograph analysis focuses on three thematic groups: school building façades, students’ and teachers’ pictures, and school practices.

Gobustan is a rich archaeological area where people lived at different period, thousands of rock paintings, dozens of sites, settlements, tombs and other monuments of different historical periods have preserved. Ovchular shelter takes a special place among these caves, which is date back to the Stone and Bronze ages, approximately before VI-IV Millenniums B.C. according to some archeologists. Hence, the question of study of rock images of this complex with using geological and archaeological data for reconstruction the archaeological landscape of upper terrace of Boyukdash Mountain is extremely important challenge.  The archaeologists Dj. Russtamov and F. Muradova started first field works in the Ovchular cave. On the walls of the cave displayed hunting scenes, battle, ritual dances. Discovered archaeological artefacts and images by archaeologists show that habitat indications of human in the cave presumably date back to the period of domestication of animals. During field works for night photography in 2004 here were discovered new petroglyphs – 2 figures of ibexes. A special interest represent dotted recesses engraved under one figure of animal. No doubt that this cave used for specific rituals and magic procedures. Archaeologists date back this shelter by the period of transition from the Mesolithic to Neolithic. Discovered fragments of vessel from mixed coarse clay let researchers suppose about settling of this cave in the Bronze Age also. As a result of geological research in the western coast of the Caspian Sea, it was also possible to determine the transgression which observed 6 thousand years ago, and the beginning of regression which observed 4 thousand years ago ,so the retreat of the sea. Thus, while the lower terraces of Boyukdash mountain were periodically washed by the historical Caspian Sea and could not reach to the upper terraces, in particular, to the Ovchular site.