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Eduquer au développement durable ou enseigner le développement durable en Histoire-géographie : enjeux sociopolitiques et discipline scolaire en France. Résumé Le développement durable est depuis 2004 en France l'objet d'une « éducation à » transdisciplinaire ; il est aussi un thème présent dans des programmes disciplinaires en particulier en géographie. Ces prescriptions sont inégalement convergentes. La dimension éducative et les enjeux politiques se heurtent aux structures des disciplines constituées, comme le montre l'histoire-géographie. Une recherche empirique a permis de constater que les formes de travail oscillent entre pratique disciplinaire classique et essais de trans/pluridisciplinarité, entre incitation à la réflexion et transmission de savoirs factuels et impartiaux, entre complexité et simplification, entre neutralisation et implication. La dimension éducative et surtout la question du politique divisent fortement les enseignants. In France, teaching sustainable development is prescribed both as a transdisciplinary «educating for sustainable development» approach and as a topic of many school subjects, especially geography. These presciptions are not quite consistent. The educative aims and the political issues confronts the traditional structures of the subjects, as shows the case of history-geography. An empirical research has stated that the type of work proposed to students goes from classical disciplinary practice to attempts at trans/pluridisciplinarity, form incitation to reflexion to passing on factual and impartial knowledge, from complexity to simplification, from neutralisation to involvment. The educating side of this issue, and overall the political aspect of it, create real splits among teachers. International audience

This paper presents Apex, a system that can automatically assess a student essay based on its content. It relies on Latent Semantic Analysis, a tool which is used to represent the meaning of words as vectors in a high-dimensional space. By comparing an essay and the text of a given course on a semantic basis, our system can measure how well the essay matches the text. Various assessments are presented to the student regarding the topic, the outline and the coherence of the essay. Our experiments yield promising results.

CNRS 4, HCERES C; International audience; BACKGROUND: The renewed advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is inducing profound changes in the classic categories of technology professions and is creating the need for new specific skills. OBJECTIVE: Identify the gaps in terms of skills between academic training on AI in French engineering and Business Schools, and the requirements of the labour market. METHOD: Extraction of AI training contents from the schools’ websites and scraping of a job advertisements’ website. Then, analysis based on a text mining approach with a Python code for Natural Language Processing. RESULTS: Categorization of occupations related to AI. Characterization of three classes of skills for the AI market: Technical, Soft and Interdisciplinary. Skills’ gaps concern some professional certifications and the mastery of specific tools, research abilities, and awareness of ethical and regulatory dimensions of AI. CONCLUSIONS: A deep analysis using algorithms for Natural Language Processing. Results that provide a better understanding of the AI capability components at the individual and the organizational levels. A study that can help shape educational programs to respond to the AI market requirements.

Este trabajo describe nuevas formas de subjetividad política en la era del multiculturalismo. En las últimas tres décadas en Chile y Latinoamérica las etnias se han incorporado a un nuevo escenario político, creado por su reconocimiento jurídico. Reconocer la diversidad étnica ha sido un logro continental, aunque no pasó mucho tiempo para que la conquista democrática se enfrentará a la etnopolítica de la propia diversidad. Una cosa es la diversidad como sistema plural de formas culturales y otra muy diferente es el complicado escenario de las interacciones y limitaciones con que se realiza o no la diversidad en la política. Por ello, aquí se adentra en los ejes de la diversidad cultural atacameña; cómo se construye la etnicidad, sus actores intervinientes y se ahonda en la etnificación como un proceso diferencial, administrativo e inclusivo de población con cualidades culturales heterogéneas. Se muestra un campo o estructura social específica que da cuenta de una etnogénesis y etnopolítica atacameña en el norte de Chile. This paper proposes a description of the newforms of political subjectivity in the Age of Multiculturalism. During the last three decades, in Latin America and Chile ethnic groups have accessed to a new political scenario produced by their legal recognition. The recognition of the ethnic diversity has been a continental achievement; however this democratic conquest had to face very early the ethnopolitical conflicts of diversity itself. One thing is diversity as a pluralistic system of cultural forms, quite another is the complex scenario of interactions and constraints, which makes (or makes not)possible diversity in politics. Therefore, this study explores the main issues on cultural diversity in Atacama, how ethnicity is constructed and who are their intervening actors. It also delves into the analysis of ethnification as an administrative process of differentiation and inclusion of people with heterogeneous cultural qualities. Thus we attempt to show a field or a specific social structure that displays an ethnogenesis process andAtacamenian form of ethnopolitics in northern Chile.

International audience; This article presents MANULEX, a Web-accessible database that provides grade-level word frequency lists of nonlemmatized and lemmatized words (48,886 and 23,812 entries, respectively) computed from the 1.9 million words taken from 54 French elementary school readers. Word frequencies are provided for four levels: first grade (G1), second grade (G2), third to fifth grades (G3-5), and all grades (G1-5). The frequencies were computed following the methods described by Carroll, Davies, and Richman (1971) and Zeno, Ivenz, Millard, and Duvvuri (1995), with four statistics at each level (F, overall word frequency; D, index of dispersion across the selected readers; U, estimated frequency per million words; and SFI, standard frequency index). The database also provides the number of letters in the word and syntactic category information. MANULEX is intended to be a useful tool for studying language development through the selection of stimuli based on precise frequency norms. Researchers in artificial intelligence can also use it as a source of information on natural language processing to simulate written language acquisition in children. Finally, it may serve an educational purpose by providing basic vocabulary lists.

A partir de l'analyse socio-historique du millénarisme franciscain au Mexique (seizième siècle), des Réductions jésuites au Paraguay (dix septième-dix huitième siècle) et de l'actuelle Théologie de la libération, on étudie l'imaginaire eschatologico-messianique qu'a accompagné l'évangélisation du Nouveau Monde, qui depuis sa « découverte » a été vu comme Terre Promise où il serait possible de construire un « homme nouveau » et une « nouvelle Eglise » A partir del análisis sociohistórico del milenarismo franciscano en México (siglo XVI), de las Reducciones jesuitas del Paraguay (siglos XVII y XVIII) y de la Teología de la liberación (siglo XX) se estudia el imaginari escatológico- mesiánico que ha acompañado la evangelización del Nuevo Mundo, el cual desde su "descubrimiento" fue visto como una Tierra Prometida en la que sería posible construir un "hombre nuevo" y una "nueva Iglesia".

This study focuses on scientific writing and aims at improving verbal patterns teaching for L2 learners. Using a French corpus of scientific articles in humanities and social sciences (Scientext), we have collected and modelized lexicosyntactic patterns for the verb montrer and two of its synonyms. We aim at extracting specific structures for those three semantically close verbs, assuming that their semantic proximity will also be revealed in similar syntactic properties. We thus create a set of verbal patterns, with cooccurrence informations, to combine them to a tool designed to help L2 learners in their scientific writing.