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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Frédéric Venail; E. Legris; Bart Vaerenberg; Jean-Luc Puel; +2 Authors

    International audience; OBJECTIVES:To validate a novel speech audiometry method using customized self-voice recorded word lists with automated scoring.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The self-voice effect was investigated by comparing results with prerecorded or self-recorded CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) word lists. Then customized lists of 3-phoneme words were drawn up using the OTOSPEECH software package, and their scores were compared to those for reference lists. Finally, the customized list scores were compared on automated (Dynamic Time Warping [DTW]) versus manual scoring.RESULTS:Self-voice did not change scores for perception of CVC words at 10, 20 and 30 dB (ANOVA>0.05). Scores obtained with pre-recorded and self-recorded lists correlated (n=10, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01). Customized list scores correlated strongly with the reference cochlear lists of Lafon in normal-hearing (n=77, R(2)=0.83, P<0.001) and hearing-impaired populations (n=13, R(2)=0.89, P<0.001). Results on the automated and manual scoring methods correlated in both populations (n=77, R(2)=0.71, P<0.01; and n=13, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01, respectively), with DTW scores ranging from 24.17 to 53.24.CONCLUSIONS:Automated scoring of customized self-voice recorded lists for speech audiometry displayed results similar to conventional audiometric techniques.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ European Annals of O...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Saint-Paul, Gilles;

    International audience; When policymakers and private agents use models, the economists who design the model have an incentive to alter it in order to influence outcomes in a fashion consistent with their own preferences. I discuss some consequences of the existence of such ideological bias. In particular, I analyze the role of measurement infrastructures such as national statistical institutes, the extent to which intellectual competition between different schools of thought may lead to polarization of views over some parameters and at the same time to consensus over other parameters, and finally how the attempt to preserve influence can lead to degenerative research programs.

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    EconStor
    Research . 2012
    Data sources: EconStor
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2012
    Data sources: EconStor
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    Authors: Saurav Jha; Akhilesh Sudhakar; Anil Kumar Singh;

    Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words can pose serious challenges for machine translation (MT) tasks, and in particular, for low-resource language (LRL) pairs, i.e., language pairs for which few or no parallel corpora exist. Our work adapts variants of seq2seq models to perform transduction of such words from Hindi to Bhojpuri (an LRL instance), learning from a set of cognate pairs built from a bilingual dictionary of Hindi--Bhojpuri words. We demonstrate that our models can be effectively used for language pairs that have limited parallel corpora; our models work at the character level to grasp phonetic and orthographic similarities across multiple types of word adaptations, whether synchronic or diachronic, loan words or cognates. We describe the training aspects of several character level NMT systems that we adapted to this task and characterize their typical errors. Our method improves BLEU score by 6.3 on the Hindi-to-Bhojpuri translation task. Further, we show that such transductions can generalize well to other languages by applying it successfully to Hindi -- Bangla cognate pairs. Our work can be seen as an important step in the process of: (i) resolving the OOV words problem arising in MT tasks, (ii) creating effective parallel corpora for resource-constrained languages, and (iii) leveraging the enhanced semantic knowledge captured by word-level embeddings to perform character-level tasks. 47 pages, 4 figures, 21 tables (including Appendices)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Journal of Language Modelling
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Journal of Language Modelling
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 2019
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DOAJ
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Language Modelling
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Language Modelling
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 2019
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brun, Patrice;

    Brun Patrice. Hyperbolos, la création d'une "légende noire". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, 1987. pp. 183-198.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 1987
    Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Maxime Pelletier; Emmanuel Desclaux; Jean-Baptiste Mallye; Evelyne Crégut-Bonnoure;

    ABSTRACTLeporids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia), especially the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), have been among the most abundant small game in western Europe since the Pleistocene. These animals are preferred prey for more than 40 predators, which increases the chances of finding their skeletal remains at archaeological or natural sites, and in particular karstic formations alternately occupied by Palaeolithic human societies and other predators. Moreover, specific eco‐ethological characteristics for both species also offer the possibility to produce a substantial quantity of their bones accumulated by natural mortality without predation, making it more difficult to identify their origin in the fossil record. Despite this fact, the taphonomic signature of accidental‐natural accumulations of leporids in karsts, such as pitfalls, has never been properly characterised. In order to address these issues, we carried out a detailed taphonomic study of leporid remains in a pitfall without any evidence of human activity, namely at Coulet des Roches (Monieux, Vaucluse, south‐eastern France). At this site, leporids are the most abundant species throughout the Last Glacial Maximum sedimentary sequence. The bone accumulation was analysed in order to determine the most relevant criteria to identify a natural accumulation that results from the accidental fall of individuals in the pitfall. The relative proportions of each species are consistent with their current ethology, and their mortality profiles are compatible with the structure of a living natural population. The completeness rate of the different skeletal portions for both species is relatively high, bones are less fragmented and, unlike what might be expected, very few anatomical connections were preserved. The observed anatomical representation, breakage, and bone surface modification patterns are discussed and compared with available data concerning accumulations with predation. Taken together, the identified criteria contribute valuable help in the recognition of accidental mortality in the fossil record, as well as to evaluate the proportion of leporid bones accumulated naturally and those accumulated by predation, human or not, in a deposit.

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    Journal of Quaternary Science
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Journal of Quaternary Science
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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      Journal of Quaternary Science
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      License: CC BY
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      Journal of Quaternary Science
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Savary, Agata;

    In my habilitation dissertation, meant to validate my capacity of and maturity for directingresearch activities, I present a panorama of several topics in computational linguistics, linguisticsand computer science.Over the past decade, I was notably concerned with the phenomena of compositionalityand variability of linguistic objects. I illustrate the advantages of a compositional approachto the language in the domain of emotion detection and I explain how some linguistic objects,most prominently multi-word expressions, defy the compositionality principles. I demonstratethat the complex properties of MWEs, notably variability, are partially regular and partiallyidiosyncratic. This fact places the MWEs on the frontiers between different levels of linguisticprocessing, such as lexicon and syntax.I show the highly heterogeneous nature of MWEs by citing their two existing taxonomies.After an extensive state-of-the art study of MWE description and processing, I summarizeMultiflex, a formalism and a tool for lexical high-quality morphosyntactic description of MWUs.It uses a graph-based approach in which the inflection of a MWU is expressed in function ofthe morphology of its components, and of morphosyntactic transformation patterns. Due tounification the inflection paradigms are represented compactly. Orthographic, inflectional andsyntactic variants are treated within the same framework. The proposal is multilingual: it hasbeen tested on six European languages of three different origins (Germanic, Romance and Slavic),I believe that many others can also be successfully covered. Multiflex proves interoperable. Itadapts to different morphological language models, token boundary definitions, and underlyingmodules for the morphology of single words. It has been applied to the creation and enrichmentof linguistic resources, as well as to morphosyntactic analysis and generation. It can be integratedinto other NLP applications requiring the conflation of different surface realizations of the sameconcept.Another chapter of my activity concerns named entities, most of which are particular types ofMWEs. Their rich semantic load turned them into a hot topic in the NLP community, which isdocumented in my state-of-the art survey. I present the main assumptions, processes and resultsissued from large annotation tasks at two levels (for named entities and for coreference), parts ofthe National Corpus of Polish construction. I have also contributed to the development of bothrule-based and probabilistic named entity recognition tools, and to an automated enrichment ofProlexbase, a large multilingual database of proper names, from open sources.With respect to multi-word expressions, named entities and coreference mentions, I pay aspecial attention to nested structures. This problem sheds new light on the treatment of complexlinguistic units in NLP. When these units start being modeled as trees (or, more generally, asacyclic graphs) rather than as flat sequences of tokens, long-distance dependencies, discontinu-ities, overlapping and other frequent linguistic properties become easier to represent. This callsfor more complex processing methods which control larger contexts than what usually happensin sequential processing. Thus, both named entity recognition and coreference resolution comesvery close to parsing, and named entities or mentions with their nested structures are analogous3to multi-word expressions with embedded complements.My parallel activity concerns finite-state methods for natural language and XML processing.My main contribution in this field, co-authored with 2 colleagues, is the first full-fledged methodfor tree-to-language correction, and more precisely for correcting XML documents with respectto a DTD. We have also produced interesting results in incremental finite-state algorithmics,particularly relevant to data evolution contexts such as dynamic vocabularies or user updates.Multilingualism is the leitmotif of my research. I have applied my methods to several naturallanguages, most importantly to Polish, Serbian, English and French. I have been among theinitiators of a highly multilingual European scientific network dedicated to parsing and multi-word expressions. I have used multilingual linguistic data in experimental studies. I believethat it is particularly worthwhile to design NLP solutions taking declension-rich (e.g. Slavic)languages into account, since this leads to more universal solutions, at least as far as nominalconstructions (MWUs, NEs, mentions) are concerned. For instance, when Multiflex had beendeveloped with Polish in mind it could be applied as such to French, English, Serbian and Greek.Also, a French-Serbian collaboration led to substantial modifications in morphological modelingin Prolexbase in its early development stages. This allowed for its later application to Polishwith very few adaptations of the existing model. Other researchers also stress the advantages ofNLP studies on highly inflected languages since their morphology encodes much more syntacticinformation than is the case e.g. in English.In this dissertation I am also supposed to demonstrate my ability of playing an active rolein shaping the scientific landscape, on a local, national and international scale. I describemy: (i) various scientific collaborations and supervision activities, (ii) roles in over 10 regional,national and international projects, (iii) responsibilities in collective bodies such as program andorganizing committees of conferences and workshops, PhD juries, and the National UniversityCouncil (CNU), (iv) activity as an evaluator and a reviewer of European collaborative projects.The issues addressed in this dissertation open interesting scientific perspectives, in whicha special impact is put on links among various domains and communities. These perspectivesinclude: (i) integrating fine-grained language data into the linked open data, (ii) deep parsingof multi-word expressions, (iii) modeling multi-word expression identification in a treebank as atree-to-language correction problem, and (iv) a taxonomy and an experimental benchmark fortree-to-language correction approaches.

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    Authors: Marguin, Séverine;

    L’analyse des temporalités des carrières d’artistes plasticiens permet de mettre en évidence la normalisation du parcours professionnel des artistes sur celui du modèle en entreprise. La valorisation de la jeunesse, à la fois par les acteurs institutionnels publics mais également par les acteurs privés du milieu de l’art contemporain, à travers l’émergence de la catégorie taxinomique de «jeune artiste», a conduit à l’instauration rigide de prescriptions temporelles, s’articulant autour du moment charnière des quarante ans : les artistes doivent avoir pu exploiter leur potentiel de création jusqu’à cet âge, au risque sinon de tomber dans l’oubli. Quelles stratégies les artistes mettent-ils en place pour composer avec cette norme en terme d’âge? The analysis of the temporalities of visual artists' paths highlights a normalization of artists' career on the basis of the model found in firms. The valorization of youth both by institutional public actors as well as individual actors from the contemporary art scene can be observed with regard to the rise of the taxonomical category of "youth artist". This has led to a rigid establishment of temporal prescriptions on forty years of age as a turning point: artists should have achieved their full creative potential until this age in order not to fall in oblivion. What kind of strategies do the artists appropriate in order to cope with this ageist norm?

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2013
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    Authors: Degott, Pierre;

    This paper aims at exploring the specificity of the eighteenth-century oratorio libretto, a printed book halfway between a mere concert programme and a literary work. The examination of the paratext of some of the original wordbooks does indeed contain a wealth of information, both on the factual and the interpretative levels. For example, the various prefaces, poems and epigraphs that are part and parcel of the early editions of Handel's oratorio librettos give rise to further consideration on the special relations between words and music, thereby emphasising the reflexive dimension of the verbal text. Curiously enough, the common denominator between most of Handel's oratorio texts is the demonstration of the superiority of music over words, a theory running counter to the major tenets of the theoretical debate prevalent in the eighteenth-century (Harris, Burney, Mason...). Degott Pierre. Le livret d'oratorio au XVIIIe siècle : quelle sorte de livre?. In: XVII-XVIII. Bulletin de la société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. N°50, 2000. pp. 81-98.

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    XVII-XVIII
    Article . 2000 . Peer-reviewed
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      XVII-XVIII
      Article . 2000 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Brunet, Claude;

    Expression of power in Cyprian’s Letters : semantic analysis of the names in – tas Cyprian’s Epistulae display a vast lexical field of power, notably abstract substantives with suffix in tas which feature the main Roman political notions in classical language. Taking into account their common sense, the determinative constructions linked to them, and using the technique of semic analysis, we propose to bring their meaning out in this correspondence and to define each one by distinguishing and comparing it to the others, thus putting in evidence Cyprian’s willpower as he addresses his fellow bishops.

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    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Servant-Vildary, Simone; Risacher, François; Roux, Maurice;

    Diatom based transfer function for estimating the chemical composition of fossil water. Calibration based on salt lakes of the Lipez area in the southwestern Bolivian Altiplano.­ Diatom assemblages and water chemistry were studied in 13 shallow salt lakes in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano. At each locality bottom sediment and water samples were collected simultaneously. Relationships between the composition of the diatom assemblages and variations in water chemistry were collated in order to permit the estimation of ancient water chemistries based on changes in the make up of fossil diatom associations in older sediments. Weighted Averages treated by Partial Least Squares regression (WA and WA­PLS methods) allowed an estimation of optima and the relative tolerances of 61 species to variations in salinity and to the relative quantities of the 15 chemical elements studied, among them boron and lithium. ––– L'étude des assemblages de diatomées et de la composition chimique des eaux a été effectuée dans 13 lacs salés peu profonds localisés dans le Sud de l'Altiplano Bolivien. Les points et les dates de prélèvement sont les mêmes pour les deux types d'étude. Les relations entre les assemblages de diatomées et les variables chimiques mesurées sont effectuées dans le but d'estimer ces variables dans le passé à partir des diatomées fossiles conservées dans les sédiments. La méthode des moyennes pondérées (WA et WA­PLS régression) a permis d'estimer les optima et les tolérances de 61 espèces à la salinité et aux différents éléments chimiques dont le bore et le lithium.

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    DOAJ-Articles
    Article . 2002
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2002
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    Carnets de Géologie
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    Carnets de Géologie
    Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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    Carnets de Géologie
    Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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      DOAJ-Articles
      Article . 2002
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2002
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      Carnets de Géologie
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      Carnets de Géologie
      Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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      Carnets de Géologie
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Frédéric Venail; E. Legris; Bart Vaerenberg; Jean-Luc Puel; +2 Authors

    International audience; OBJECTIVES:To validate a novel speech audiometry method using customized self-voice recorded word lists with automated scoring.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The self-voice effect was investigated by comparing results with prerecorded or self-recorded CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) word lists. Then customized lists of 3-phoneme words were drawn up using the OTOSPEECH software package, and their scores were compared to those for reference lists. Finally, the customized list scores were compared on automated (Dynamic Time Warping [DTW]) versus manual scoring.RESULTS:Self-voice did not change scores for perception of CVC words at 10, 20 and 30 dB (ANOVA>0.05). Scores obtained with pre-recorded and self-recorded lists correlated (n=10, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01). Customized list scores correlated strongly with the reference cochlear lists of Lafon in normal-hearing (n=77, R(2)=0.83, P<0.001) and hearing-impaired populations (n=13, R(2)=0.89, P<0.001). Results on the automated and manual scoring methods correlated in both populations (n=77, R(2)=0.71, P<0.01; and n=13, R(2)=0.76, P<0.01, respectively), with DTW scores ranging from 24.17 to 53.24.CONCLUSIONS:Automated scoring of customized self-voice recorded lists for speech audiometry displayed results similar to conventional audiometric techniques.

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    Authors: Saint-Paul, Gilles;

    International audience; When policymakers and private agents use models, the economists who design the model have an incentive to alter it in order to influence outcomes in a fashion consistent with their own preferences. I discuss some consequences of the existence of such ideological bias. In particular, I analyze the role of measurement infrastructures such as national statistical institutes, the extent to which intellectual competition between different schools of thought may lead to polarization of views over some parameters and at the same time to consensus over other parameters, and finally how the attempt to preserve influence can lead to degenerative research programs.

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    EconStor
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
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    Authors: Saurav Jha; Akhilesh Sudhakar; Anil Kumar Singh;

    Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words can pose serious challenges for machine translation (MT) tasks, and in particular, for low-resource language (LRL) pairs, i.e., language pairs for which few or no parallel corpora exist. Our work adapts variants of seq2seq models to perform transduction of such words from Hindi to Bhojpuri (an LRL instance), learning from a set of cognate pairs built from a bilingual dictionary of Hindi--Bhojpuri words. We demonstrate that our models can be effectively used for language pairs that have limited parallel corpora; our models work at the character level to grasp phonetic and orthographic similarities across multiple types of word adaptations, whether synchronic or diachronic, loan words or cognates. We describe the training aspects of several character level NMT systems that we adapted to this task and characterize their typical errors. Our method improves BLEU score by 6.3 on the Hindi-to-Bhojpuri translation task. Further, we show that such transductions can generalize well to other languages by applying it successfully to Hindi -- Bangla cognate pairs. Our work can be seen as an important step in the process of: (i) resolving the OOV words problem arising in MT tasks, (ii) creating effective parallel corpora for resource-constrained languages, and (iii) leveraging the enhanced semantic knowledge captured by word-level embeddings to perform character-level tasks. 47 pages, 4 figures, 21 tables (including Appendices)

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    Journal of Language Modelling
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Brun, Patrice;

    Brun Patrice. Hyperbolos, la création d'une "légende noire". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, 1987. pp. 183-198.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 1987
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    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Maxime Pelletier; Emmanuel Desclaux; Jean-Baptiste Mallye; Evelyne Crégut-Bonnoure;

    ABSTRACTLeporids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia), especially the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), have been among the most abundant small game in western Europe since the Pleistocene. These animals are preferred prey for more than 40 predators, which increases the chances of finding their skeletal remains at archaeological or natural sites, and in particular karstic formations alternately occupied by Palaeolithic human societies and other predators. Moreover, specific eco‐ethological characteristics for both species also offer the possibility to produce a substantial quantity of their bones accumulated by natural mortality without predation, making it more difficult to identify their origin in the fossil record. Despite this fact, the taphonomic signature of accidental‐natural accumulations of leporids in karsts, such as pitfalls, has never been properly characterised. In order to address these issues, we carried out a detailed taphonomic study of leporid remains in a pitfall without any evidence of human activity, namely at Coulet des Roches (Monieux, Vaucluse, south‐eastern France). At this site, leporids are the most abundant species throughout the Last Glacial Maximum sedimentary sequence. The bone accumulation was analysed in order to determine the most relevant criteria to identify a natural accumulation that results from the accidental fall of individuals in the pitfall. The relative proportions of each species are consistent with their current ethology, and their mortality profiles are compatible with the structure of a living natural population. The completeness rate of the different skeletal portions for both species is relatively high, bones are less fragmented and, unlike what might be expected, very few anatomical connections were preserved. The observed anatomical representation, breakage, and bone surface modification patterns are discussed and compared with available data concerning accumulations with predation. Taken together, the identified criteria contribute valuable help in the recognition of accidental mortality in the fossil record, as well as to evaluate the proportion of leporid bones accumulated naturally and those accumulated by predation, human or not, in a deposit.

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    Journal of Quaternary Science
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    Journal of Quaternary Science
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      Journal of Quaternary Science
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    Authors: Savary, Agata;

    In my habilitation dissertation, meant to validate my capacity of and maturity for directingresearch activities, I present a panorama of several topics in computational linguistics, linguisticsand computer science.Over the past decade, I was notably concerned with the phenomena of compositionalityand variability of linguistic objects. I illustrate the advantages of a compositional approachto the language in the domain of emotion detection and I explain how some linguistic objects,most prominently multi-word expressions, defy the compositionality principles. I demonstratethat the complex properties of MWEs, notably variability, are partially regular and partiallyidiosyncratic. This fact places the MWEs on the frontiers between different levels of linguisticprocessing, such as lexicon and syntax.I show the highly heterogeneous nature of MWEs by citing their two existing taxonomies.After an extensive state-of-the art study of MWE description and processing, I summarizeMultiflex, a formalism and a tool for lexical high-quality morphosyntactic description of MWUs.It uses a graph-based approach in which the inflection of a MWU is expressed in function ofthe morphology of its components, and of morphosyntactic transformation patterns. Due tounification the inflection paradigms are represented compactly. Orthographic, inflectional andsyntactic variants are treated within the same framework. The proposal is multilingual: it hasbeen tested on six European languages of three different origins (Germanic, Romance and Slavic),I believe that many others can also be successfully covered. Multiflex proves interoperable. Itadapts to different morphological language models, token boundary definitions, and underlyingmodules for the morphology of single words. It has been applied to the creation and enrichmentof linguistic resources, as well as to morphosyntactic analysis and generation. It can be integratedinto other NLP applications requiring the conflation of different surface realizations of the sameconcept.Another chapter of my activity concerns named entities, most of which are particular types ofMWEs. Their rich semantic load turned them into a hot topic in the NLP community, which isdocumented in my state-of-the art survey. I present the main assumptions, processes and resultsissued from large annotation tasks at two levels (for named entities and for coreference), parts ofthe National Corpus of Polish construction. I have also contributed to the development of bothrule-based and probabilistic named entity recognition tools, and to an automated enrichment ofProlexbase, a large multilingual database of proper names, from open sources.With respect to multi-word expressions, named entities and coreference mentions, I pay aspecial attention to nested structures. This problem sheds new light on the treatment of complexlinguistic units in NLP. When these units start being modeled as trees (or, more generally, asacyclic graphs) rather than as flat sequences of tokens, long-distance dependencies, discontinu-ities, overlapping and other frequent linguistic properties become easier to represent. This callsfor more complex processing methods which control larger contexts than what usually happensin sequential processing. Thus, both named entity recognition and coreference resolution comesvery close to parsing, and named entities or mentions with their nested structures are analogous3to multi-word expressions with embedded complements.My parallel activity concerns finite-state methods for natural language and XML processing.My main contribution in this field, co-authored with 2 colleagues, is the first full-fledged methodfor tree-to-language correction, and more precisely for correcting XML documents with respectto a DTD. We have also produced interesting results in incremental finite-state algorithmics,particularly relevant to data evolution contexts such as dynamic vocabularies or user updates.Multilingualism is the leitmotif of my research. I have applied my methods to several naturallanguages, most importantly to Polish, Serbian, English and French. I have been among theinitiators of a highly multilingual European scientific network dedicated to parsing and multi-word expressions. I have used multilingual linguistic data in experimental studies. I believethat it is particularly worthwhile to design NLP solutions taking declension-rich (e.g. Slavic)languages into account, since this leads to more universal solutions, at least as far as nominalconstructions (MWUs, NEs, mentions) are concerned. For instance, when Multiflex had beendeveloped with Polish in mind it could be applied as such to French, English, Serbian and Greek.Also, a French-Serbian collaboration led to substantial modifications in morphological modelingin Prolexbase in its early development stages. This allowed for its later application to Polishwith very few adaptations of the existing model. Other researchers also stress the advantages ofNLP studies on highly inflected languages since their morphology encodes much more syntacticinformation than is the case e.g. in English.In this dissertation I am also supposed to demonstrate my ability of playing an active rolein shaping the scientific landscape, on a local, national and international scale. I describemy: (i) various scientific collaborations and supervision activities, (ii) roles in over 10 regional,national and international projects, (iii) responsibilities in collective bodies such as program andorganizing committees of conferences and workshops, PhD juries, and the National UniversityCouncil (CNU), (iv) activity as an evaluator and a reviewer of European collaborative projects.The issues addressed in this dissertation open interesting scientific perspectives, in whicha special impact is put on links among various domains and communities. These perspectivesinclude: (i) integrating fine-grained language data into the linked open data, (ii) deep parsingof multi-word expressions, (iii) modeling multi-word expression identification in a treebank as atree-to-language correction problem, and (iv) a taxonomy and an experimental benchmark fortree-to-language correction approaches.

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    Authors: Marguin, Séverine;

    L’analyse des temporalités des carrières d’artistes plasticiens permet de mettre en évidence la normalisation du parcours professionnel des artistes sur celui du modèle en entreprise. La valorisation de la jeunesse, à la fois par les acteurs institutionnels publics mais également par les acteurs privés du milieu de l’art contemporain, à travers l’émergence de la catégorie taxinomique de «jeune artiste», a conduit à l’instauration rigide de prescriptions temporelles, s’articulant autour du moment charnière des quarante ans : les artistes doivent avoir pu exploiter leur potentiel de création jusqu’à cet âge, au risque sinon de tomber dans l’oubli. Quelles stratégies les artistes mettent-ils en place pour composer avec cette norme en terme d’âge? The analysis of the temporalities of visual artists' paths highlights a normalization of artists' career on the basis of the model found in firms. The valorization of youth both by institutional public actors as well as individual actors from the contemporary art scene can be observed with regard to the rise of the taxonomical category of "youth artist". This has led to a rigid establishment of temporal prescriptions on forty years of age as a turning point: artists should have achieved their full creative potential until this age in order not to fall in oblivion. What kind of strategies do the artists appropriate in order to cope with this ageist norm?

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    Article . 2013
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    Authors: Degott, Pierre;

    This paper aims at exploring the specificity of the eighteenth-century oratorio libretto, a printed book halfway between a mere concert programme and a literary work. The examination of the paratext of some of the original wordbooks does indeed contain a wealth of information, both on the factual and the interpretative levels. For example, the various prefaces, poems and epigraphs that are part and parcel of the early editions of Handel's oratorio librettos give rise to further consideration on the special relations between words and music, thereby emphasising the reflexive dimension of the verbal text. Curiously enough, the common denominator between most of Handel's oratorio texts is the demonstration of the superiority of music over words, a theory running counter to the major tenets of the theoretical debate prevalent in the eighteenth-century (Harris, Burney, Mason...). Degott Pierre. Le livret d'oratorio au XVIIIe siècle : quelle sorte de livre?. In: XVII-XVIII. Bulletin de la société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. N°50, 2000. pp. 81-98.

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    XVII-XVIII
    Article . 2000 . Peer-reviewed
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      XVII-XVIII
      Article . 2000 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Brunet, Claude;

    Expression of power in Cyprian’s Letters : semantic analysis of the names in – tas Cyprian’s Epistulae display a vast lexical field of power, notably abstract substantives with suffix in tas which feature the main Roman political notions in classical language. Taking into account their common sense, the determinative constructions linked to them, and using the technique of semic analysis, we propose to bring their meaning out in this correspondence and to define each one by distinguishing and comparing it to the others, thus putting in evidence Cyprian’s willpower as he addresses his fellow bishops.

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    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Dialogues d histoire ancienne
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Servant-Vildary, Simone; Risacher, François; Roux, Maurice;

    Diatom based transfer function for estimating the chemical composition of fossil water. Calibration based on salt lakes of the Lipez area in the southwestern Bolivian Altiplano.­ Diatom assemblages and water chemistry were studied in 13 shallow salt lakes in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano. At each locality bottom sediment and water samples were collected simultaneously. Relationships between the composition of the diatom assemblages and variations in water chemistry were collated in order to permit the estimation of ancient water chemistries based on changes in the make up of fossil diatom associations in older sediments. Weighted Averages treated by Partial Least Squares regression (WA and WA­PLS methods) allowed an estimation of optima and the relative tolerances of 61 species to variations in salinity and to the relative quantities of the 15 chemical elements studied, among them boron and lithium. ––– L'étude des assemblages de diatomées et de la composition chimique des eaux a été effectuée dans 13 lacs salés peu profonds localisés dans le Sud de l'Altiplano Bolivien. Les points et les dates de prélèvement sont les mêmes pour les deux types d'étude. Les relations entre les assemblages de diatomées et les variables chimiques mesurées sont effectuées dans le but d'estimer ces variables dans le passé à partir des diatomées fossiles conservées dans les sédiments. La méthode des moyennes pondérées (WA et WA­PLS régression) a permis d'estimer les optima et les tolérances de 61 espèces à la salinité et aux différents éléments chimiques dont le bore et le lithium.

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    DOAJ-Articles
    Article . 2002
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    Article . 2002
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    Carnets de Géologie
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    Carnets de Géologie
    Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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    Carnets de Géologie
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      DOAJ-Articles
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      DOAJ
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      Carnets de Géologie
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      Carnets de Géologie
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      Carnets de Géologie
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