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The study of food consumption during the colonial period in Panama Viejo traditionally has been based on chronicles and archival documentation. The present analysis reassesses the historical information about diet in this colonial enclave based on microbotanical, isotopic and bioanthropological evidence obtained from the excavations within and outside the remains of the old city¿s Cathedral in two locations and four chronological periods to complement and contrast written sources. The ensuing data sets, once integrated, point to the consumption of native plants, particularly maize, among people of different ancestral origins from the settlement¿s earliest years, as well as the consumption of wheat ¿ which could not be grown in the region ¿ plantains and rice, whose cultivation was introduced successfully. Stable isotope evidence indicates a shift from dietary strategies based on maize, seafood and terrestrial animal meat in pre-Hispanic and early colonial times to diets featuring more C3 plants, including rice, wheat, and plantains, as well beef and dairy products during the later colonial period. This gradual shift in dietary strategies appears among individuals of Indigenous American, African, European and mixed origins and ancestries, probably influenced by the nutritional and epidemiological stress registered in all of these populations. Curt-Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry, Mannheim, Germany Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia Universidad del Norte, Colombia

Summary The recently enriched genomic history of Indigenous groups in the Americas is still meager concerning continental Central America. Here, we report ten pre-Hispanic (plus two early colonial) genomes and 84 genome-wide profiles from seven groups presently living in Panama. Our analyses reveal that pre-Hispanic demographic events contributed to the extensive genetic structure currently seen in the area, which is also characterized by a distinctive Isthmo-Colombian Indigenous component. This component drives these populations on a specific variability axis and derives from the local admixture of different ancestries of northern North American origin(s). Two of these ancestries were differentially associated to Pleistocene Indigenous groups that also moved into South America, leaving heterogenous genetic footprints. An additional Pleistocene ancestry was brought by a still unsampled population of the Isthmus (UPopI) that remained restricted to the Isthmian area, expanded locally during the early Holocene, and left genomic traces up to the present day. Highlights • Ancient Isthmian genomes address anthropological questions on pre-contact burials • The comparison with modern Panamanians highlights genomic structure on the Isthmus • A genomic component drives the Isthmian groups on a distinctive variability axis • A previously unknown Pleistocene ancestry identified in the Isthmo-Colombian area Pre-contact and modern genomes from Panama highlight the distinctiveness of the Isthmo-Colombian area; detail number, source, and impact of Indigenous American genomic ancestries at the continental level; and explain complex pre-Hispanic burials. Graphical abstract

Intentional dental modification is a widespread practice in both ancient and modern populations. In Panama, the modern practice is restricted to the Ngäbe indigenous people inhabiting the western provinces. Several researchers have posited that Ngäbe dental modification evidences cultural transfer of African origin due to the absence of post-contact records of this practice in the region, and based on the chipping technique used to create a pointed tooth shape. In this paper, we collate bioarchaeological data from human remains recovered from pre-contact and early colonial period contexts in Panama to evaluate this hypothesis. The results of our study found no evidence for intentional dental modification among the pre-contact sample, but several instances of artificially modified incisor teeth among the early colonial sample. The latter pertained exclusively to individuals of African ancestry, and whose teeth had been chipped to points in the same manner as reported from Ngäbe communities. Isotope data revealed that one individual was a first-generation immigrant who likely originated from the African continent. Based on these results, as well as an exhaustive review of the ethnohistorical and modern ethnographic literature, the original hypothesis of a late introduction of African origin for the practice of dental shaping among the Ngäbe was upheld. Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Curt Engelhorn Center of Archaeometry gGmbH (CEZA) Universidad del Norte

Este trabajo analiza los diferentes tipos de violencia en la sociedad panameña de los siglos XVI y XVII en perspectiva interdisciplinar. A través de la combinación de fuentes y métodos arqueológicos e históricos, se perciben unos patrones comunes que indican una tipología de violencia interpersonal cotidiana multiétnica y socialmente transversal. Las fuentes archivísticas y arqueológicas se complementan en esta investigación para dotar de mayor complejidad a una realidad social hasta ahora poco explorada, como es la de la violencia interpersonal en contextos coloniales tempranos. This work analyses the diverse types of violence in Panamanian society over the 16th and 17th centuries from an interdisciplinary perspective. Through a combination of methods and sources from archaeology and history, common patterns emerge and point to a typology of quotidian interpersonal violence that was multiethnic and socially transversal. In this research, archival and archaeological sources complement each other to offer more complexity regarding the social reality of interpersonal violence, which has been understudied in early colonial contexts to date. Instituto Universitario Europeo Universidad del Norte

El presente artículo persigue mostrar cómo en la comunidad indígena perteneciente a la etnia timote, localizada en el sitio conocido como Paramito Alto en el municipio Miranda del Estado Mérida, Venezuela, se mantienen patrones de comportamiento provenientes de su condición indígena que se verifican en sus creencias, en la forma en cómo viven sus espacios y los valores que les asignan como individuos, como familia y como comunidad. Es parte de un trabajo de investigación-acción-participación, interdisciplinario, que se desarrolló en el período 2002-2005 en el Centro de Investigaciones de la Vivienda de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Arte, de manera conjunta con las facultades del área de la Salud y Humanidades. El resultado de esta investigación permitió determinar los valores intangibles que subyacen en la comunidad, que se verifican en los principales aspectos de su vida cotidiana y su hábitat. Estudios recientes (2017) han corroborado la permanencia de estos valores. This article seeks to demonstrate how the indigenous community belonging to the Timote ethnic group (located in Paramito Alto in the Miranda Municipality, State of Merida, Venezuela) maintains behavioral patterns particular to their indigenous heritage that are manifested in their beliefs, the way they inhabit their spaces, and the values assigned to them as individuals, as family, and as a community. This article is part of an interdisciplinary research-action-participation study that was carried out from 2002-2005 at the Faculty of Architecture and Art¿s Housing Research Center in conjunction with the Faculties of Health and Humanities. The results of this research allowed us to determine the intangible values that are the basis of the community, reflected in the main aspects of their daily life and their home environment. Recent studies (2017) have corroborated the permanence of these values. Universidad Pablo de Olavide

In the mid-20th century, a cultural revolution arose, and as a result, an independent and uncertain woman emerged. This new woman could do anything she would like without ha-ving to be tied to social or sexual standards that were common in androcentric societies, demonstrating she was neither predisposed nor limited to a specific behavioral pattern; on the contrary, she could have freedom of choi-ce. Nevertheless, there are certain individuals who still associate women solely to activities related to domestic duties. Therefore, the Venezuelan artists Malu Valerio and Mariana Sellanes showcased in their textile work the freedom and power women have achieved. By doing this, women are demonstrating they are individuals who are capable to follow their own emotions and preferences. A mediados del siglo XX, se dio una revolución cultural que dejó como resultado el surgimiento de una mujer libre e indeterminada, la cual, podía hacer lo que desease sin estar atada a estándares sociales o sexuados, típicos de las sociedades androcéntricas. Esta mujer mostró que no estaba preordenada ni limitada a un patrón de conducta específico, sino que podía elegir con libertad. Aun así, hay quienes todavía asocian a la mujer a un conjunto de actividades de corte doméstico. Es por esto, que las artistas venezolanas Malu Valerio y Mariana Sellanes muestran a través del trabajo textil la libertad y poder que ha adquirido la mujer, demostrando de esta forma que ella es un sujeto dirigido por sus gustos y emociones personales. Universidad Pablo de Olavide