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Collective representations of “time” do not passively reflect time, but time and space are mediated by society. By our social practices, such as making music and dancing, we create time. Different cultural groups may experience and perceive time in different ways, and also within one cultural group the quality of time is not always experienced in the same way. Anthropological studies have shown that in each cultural group different perceptions of time co-exist. For instance, time generally tends to be perceived as both a linear flow and as repetitive. We should not confuse metaphysical and sociological arguments about time: time in music and other performing arts operates at the social and not at the metaphysical level. The essay discusses a variety of social qualities of time and space as it becomes manifest in some performing arts of West Java and the implications for their safeguarding.

The Malay language is of great importance in understanding Indonesian society and history. As the root of Indonesia's national language, Bahasa Indonesia, the language has become part and parcel of the social-political and cultural formation of the diverse communities throughout Indonesia. Also, the role of the Malay language in Indonesian nation building proceeded alongside the historical course of Islamic development there. In line with the development of Islam in parts of Indonesia and the Southeast Asia region at large, Malay emerged as a lingua franca that was widely used as a media of social interaction, political diplomacy, commerce and, more importantly, Islamic expression. This article discusses the history of the Malay language in relation to its role as the language of Indonesian Muslims. The article also examines the contribution that the language has made, through the course of history, in uniting the people into a single nation-state—Indonesia.Copyright (c) 2014 by SDI. All right reserved.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i3.1219

An art has something to do with form and content (shape and the meaning attached to it). When an artist intends to add philosophical value to his creation, he enters two aesthetic exploration spaces; they are the aesthetic concept and the artistic exploration. “The structure of the form shows “the face” of an art work which cannot be separated from how material should be processed, and the “aesthetic structure” treats every “aesthetic thing” as an entity which is caught as a combination of the quality of perception and the common sense processing which are drawn into the metaphysical, ethic, axiological, and epistemological (philosophical) dimensions. Similarly, the ideas which are related to the fine arts of which the subject matter is the overexploitation of the sand mining should be processed in the phases of concepts with aesthetic dimension before they are retransformed in the visual stage; therefore, the creative process and the idioms chosen become highly subjective. It is easy to explain every phase in the creation process, and the visual idioms chosen can be generalized, clarified, verified, and concluded in the level of objectivity. The theoretical conception of the visual value becomes multi interpretations and rich in meaning (positive), as the value of its articulation contains symbols and metaphors.Seni adalah bentuk dan isi (wujud dan makna yang melekat). Ketika pengkarya ingin memberikan bobot filsafati pada karyanya, maka pengkarya memasuki dua ruang penjelajahan estetika, yaitu konsep estetik dan eksplorasi artistik. ”Struktur bentuk” menunjukkan ”wajah” suatu karya seni dengan pengolahan material, sedangkan ”struktur estetik” meletakkan segala hal yang ”estetik” sebagai suatu entitas yang ditangkap dalam keterpaduan antara kwalitas persepsi dengan pengolahan akal budi yang ditarik kedalam dimensi-dimensi metafisik, etik, aksiologik, dan epistemologik (filsafati). Seperti ide-ide dalam seni rupa yang yang bertitik tolak (subject matter) overeksploitasi penambangan pasir, harus diolah dalam tataran konsep-konsep yang berdimensi estetik, kemudian ditransformasikan lagi dalam tataran visual, maka proses kreatif dan pilihan-pilihan idiom-idiom visualnya menjadi sangat subjektif. Tidaklah mudah dijelaskan setiap tahapan dalam proses kreasi dan pilihan idiom-idiom visual tersebut dapat digeneralisir, diklasifikasi, diverifikasi, dan disimpulkan dalam tataran obyektivitas. Pemahaman teoritik kegambaran visikal (nilai visual) menjadi multi interpretasi dan kaya makna (positif), karena nilai kebentukkannya mengandung simbol-simbol dan metafora-metafora.

This article aims to analyze three significant examples of defensive walls from South-East Asia made of solid stone blocks (both rock as well as stone-like laterite) and provided with different but equivalent functions –a fortified imperial capital-city (Angkor Thom, in Cambodia), a fortified royal citadel (Ho Citadel, in the North of Vietnam) and a royal palace with a partly fortified appearance (Ratu Boko, in Java Island, Indonesia)–, focusing on their constructive and technical characteristics and establishing parallels between them and their closest counterparts, from China and India. We will see how their design and structure can be closely related to the fortifications of neighbouring empires, as places of origin of their strong cultural influences and, at the same time, we will try to identify the local particularities. We will pay special attention to the form of the fortified enceintes, considering the long tradition of the quadrangular plan in the walls of royal capitals, inspired in the ideal model of Chinese and Indian cities. Our research also make us think that the walls of Ratu Boko, despite their functions as symbolic limits or for retaining the soil, could also have had a defensive purpose, no matter if secondary, or at least they could be used to provide protection to the complex in case of external menace.

The history of Nusantara was since 1600s broken down by the Europeans, so that it has developed not in a "natural" way, in which the governmental style in the independence Indonesia was always in the tendency to centralism, and this has demolished the individual and also local governmental creativities. To make Indonesia back to its "own" socio-political development, the author argues that the decentralisation policies were not satisfied enough and suggests four perspectives on the relation between Kabupaten-Province-State in the 21" century: firstly, the relationship between them should be based on the subsidiary principal, not hierarchical but co-operative, coordinative and many-sided; secondly, the election system should be districtly and the election of the governmental chefs directly; thirdly, the capital city of every governmental level should be moved each 15-20 years; and fourthly, every political actor should be educated so that s/he is od,ready to compromise and the bureaucracy (includes the army) should be professional and clean.

Developing a chatbot becomes a challenging task when it is built from scratch and independent of any Software as a Service (SaaS). Inspired by the idea of freeing lecturers from the burden of answering the same questions repetitively during the pre-registration process, this research has succeeded in building a textbased chatbot system. Further, this research has proved that the combination of keyword spotting technique for the Language Understanding component, Finite-State Transducer (FST) for the Dialogue Management, rulebased keyword matching for language generation, and the system-in-the-loop paradigm for system validation can produce an efficient chatbot. The chatbot efficiency is high enough as its score on Concept Efficiency (CE) reaches 0.946. It shows that users do not need to repeat their utterances several times to be understood. The chatbot performance on recognizing new concepts introduced by users is also more than satisfactory which is presented by its Query Density (QD) score of 0.80.

Research into cultural heritage which implements augmented reality technology is limited. Most recent research on cultural heritage are limited on storing data and information in the form of databases, this creates a disadvantage for people who wants to see and feel at the same moment on actual cultural heritage objects. This paper, proposes a solution which could merge the existing cultural object with people using augmented reality technology. This technology would preserve traditional instrument in the form of 3D object which can be digitally protected. The result showed that the use of augmented reality on preserving cultural heritage would benefit people who try to protect their culture.

Canonical form is a notion stating that related idea should have the same meaning representation. It is a notion that greatly simplifies task by dealing with a single meaning representation for a wide range of expression. The issue in text representation is to generate a formal approach of capturing meaning or semantics in sentences. These issues include heterogeneity and inconsistency in text. Polysemous, synonymous, morphemes and homonymous word poses serious drawbacks when trying to capture senses in sentences. This calls for a need to capture and represent senses in order to resolve vagueness and improve understanding of senses in documents for knowledge creation purposes. We introduce a simple and straightforward method to capture canonical form of sentences. The proposed method first identifies the canonical forms using the Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) technique and later applies the First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) scheme to represent the identified canonical forms. We adopted two algorithms in WSD, which are Lesk and Selectional Preference Restriction. These algorithms concentrate mainly on disambiguating senses in words, phrases and sentences. Also we adopted the First order Predicate Logic scheme to analyse argument predicate in sentences, employing the consequence logic theorem to test for satisfiability, validity and completeness of information in sentences.

: The Ratification of the Islamic Banking Act in Political Perspective. This article discusses the history of the formation of Islamic banking in Indonesia. At first, in the New Order era, the relationship between Muslims and the government was filled with suspicion and prejudice that every activities related to Islam was considered as an attempt to actualize the Jakarta Charter or to establish an Islamic state. However, when Indonesia experienced economic hardship followed by changes in the structure of politics/government, the idea of Indonesian Muslims to establish shariah bank can ultimately be realized. The success of the establishment of the shariah banking institutions, in many ways, can not be separated from the then political circumstances.

Indonesia has many traditional or vernacular buildings that still exist right now. Those buildings have already functioned partly as tourism asset in their areas, but so many vernacular buildings remain untouchable. Whereas, in the context of tourism, there is cultural heritage which consists of three main components: (1) monuments, (2) architecture or buildings, (3) sites. When we look at vernacular buildings in Eastern Indonesia, the possibilities those buildings to be tourism asset are high. The question should be explored is: what kind of potencies that can be explored, and in turn can be “sold” as tourism asset for vernacular buildings in the villages in Eastern Indonesia? The objective of this paper is to investigate the potencies of cultural heritage from which have possibilities to be tourism asset in several vernacular spots in Eastern Indonesia: Bayan Village (Lombok), Nua One small village in Woloara Village, Sikka and Mbengu Villages (Flores), Boti and Maslete Villages (Timor). Methods to collect data by surveying on the spot to vernacular buildings in the above locations, also surveying related and competent persons. Method to analyse the data by examining the data with tourism theories. The finding is, the potencies of vernacular buildings that can be categorized as the asset of tourism in the above villages are so many, which are architectural styles and cultural festivals in the villages, and also include the approach such as rehabilitation, renovation, restoration, and conservation.