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Öz FELE (YASSIBEL) BÖLGESİNİN (ORTA TOROSLAR, TÜRKİYE) ÜST JURA ( KIMMERİDCİYEN ) - ÜST KRETASE ( SENOMANİYEN ) GELGİT ÇEVRESİ KARBONATLARINDA SEKANS STRATİGRAFİSİ VE DASİKLAD ALG TAKSONOMİSİ YILMAZ, IsmaflOmer Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Demir ALTTNER Eylül 1997, 229 sayfa Bu çalışma, Geyikdağı birimi içinde yüzeyleyen (Fele bölgesi, Orta Toroslar) Polat Formasyon'unun Üst Jura (Üst Kimmeridciyen) - Üst Kretase (Senomaniyen) gelgit çevresi karbonatlarının dasiklad alg taksonomisini, biostratigrafisini ve sekans stratigrafisini ele almayı amaçlamıştır. Karbonat sekans stratigrafisi ve dasiklad alglerin taksonomisi bu çalışma ile Türkiye' de ilk defa ortaya konulmaktadır. Gelgit çevresi karbonatlarında, yukarı doğru sığlaşan metre ölçeğindeki devirsel çökeller sekans stratigrafisinin temel birimlerini oluşturur ve parasekanslara karşılık gelir. Bu devirsel çökeller Geç Jura ve Erken Kretase zaman aralıklarında farklılık gösterir. Geç Jura' da genellikle gelgit altı ortamı ile temsil edilirken, Erken Kretase' de gelgit altından gelgit üstüne kadar gelgit çevresi ortamının tüm evrimini ortaya koyar. Bu çalışmada, 10 tip 1 ve 17 tip 2 sekansı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sekansların içinde 8 ana tip ve 46 alttip altında toplanan toplam olarak 278 parasekans tanınmıştır.Bu sekans ve parasekanslar global deniz seviyesi değişimlerinin kayıtlarıdır ve Vail'in ve Haq ve diğerlerinin global deniz seviyesi eğrilerine uymaktadır. Bentik forartıinifer ve dasiklad alglerin mikropaleontolojik ve biostratigrafik çalışmalarında, 4 biozon ve 4 aszone tanınmıştır. Bunlar Clypeina jurassica toplam menzil zonu, Clypeina jurassica - Kilianina lata topluluk aszonu, Campbelliella striata aralık aszonu, Salpingoporella annulata aralık zonu, Vercorsella scarsellai - Salpingoporella dinarica topluluk zonu, Campanellula capuensis toplam menzil aszonu, İsimlendirilmemiş aszon, Cuneolina gr. pavonia - Miliolidae 1 topluluk zonu. Türkiye'de bu çalışma ile, isimlendirilmemiş aszon ilk defa tanımlanmış ve Clypeina jurassica toplam menzil zonunun kronostratigrafik sınırlan değiştirilmiştir. Bununla beraber, `Pseudotextulariella septfontaine` aszonunun yerini alan Voloshinoides murgensis aszonunun kronostratigrafik karşılığı bu çalışmada Voloshinoides murgensis kronozonu olarak tanınmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 31 dasiklad alg ve 11 dasiklad olmayan alg topluluğu tanınmıştır. Bunlardan 3 salpingoporella türü yenidir. Geç Jura - Geç Kretase zaman dilimindeki bentik foraminifer ve dasiklad alglerin kütle halinde yokoluşlan global deniz seviyesi değişimleri ile uyumludur. Anahtar kelimeler : Sekans stratigrafisi, Biostratigrafi, Sekans, Parasekans, Bentik foraminifera, Dasiklad alg, Geç Jura - Geç Kretase, Polat Formasyonu, Geyikdağı Birimi, Fele bölgesi, Orta Toroslar. Bilim Kodu : 606. 01. 03. M ABSTRACT SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND DASYCLAD ALGAL TAXONOMY IN THE UPPER JURASSIC ( KIMMERIDGIAN )- UPPER CRETACEOUS ( CENOMANIAN ) PERITIDAL CARBONATES OF THE FELE (YASSffiEL) AREA ( CENTRAL TAURTOES, TURKEY ) YILMAZ, Ismail Omer M.S. in Geological Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER September 1997, 229 pages This study concerns the sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and the taxonomy of dasyclad algae of Upper Jurassic (Upper Kimmeridgian) - Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) peritidal carbonates of the Polat Formation of the Geyikdağı Unit (Fele area. Central Taurides). Carbonate sequence stratigraphy and taxonomy of dasyclad algae are studied for the first time in Turkey. Within these peritidal carbonates, shallowing upward meter scaled cycles form the basic units of sequence stratigraphy and they correspond to parasequences. These shallowing upward meter scaled cycles show variations in the Late Jurassic and in the Early Cretaceous time intervals. In the Jurassic, tfiey are represented by mainly subtidal environment, but in the Early Cretaceous, they show a complete evolution of peritidal environment, from subtidal to supratidal. In this study, 10 type 1 and 17 type 2 sequences are determined. The sequences comprise, totally 278 parasequences which are recognised under 8 main types and 46 subtypes. These sequences and parasequences are the record of global 111ABSTRACT SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND DASYCLAD ALGAL TAXONOMY IN THE UPPER JURASSIC ( KIMMERIDGIAN )- UPPER CRETACEOUS ( CENOMANIAN ) PERITIDAL CARBONATES OF THE FELE (YASSffiEL) AREA ( CENTRAL TAURTOES, TURKEY ) YILMAZ, Ismail Omer M.S. in Geological Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER September 1997, 229 pages This study concerns the sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and the taxonomy of dasyclad algae of Upper Jurassic (Upper Kimmeridgian) - Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) peritidal carbonates of the Polat Formation of the Geyikdağı Unit (Fele area. Central Taurides). Carbonate sequence stratigraphy and taxonomy of dasyclad algae are studied for the first time in Turkey. Within these peritidal carbonates, shallowing upward meter scaled cycles form the basic units of sequence stratigraphy and they correspond to parasequences. These shallowing upward meter scaled cycles show variations in the Late Jurassic and in the Early Cretaceous time intervals. In the Jurassic, tfiey are represented by mainly subtidal environment, but in the Early Cretaceous, they show a complete evolution of peritidal environment, from subtidal to supratidal. In this study, 10 type 1 and 17 type 2 sequences are determined. The sequences comprise, totally 278 parasequences which are recognised under 8 main types and 46 subtypes. These sequences and parasequences are the record of global 111 229

North of Grand Rapids, Manitoba, new exposures of a carbonate succession prompted study of the lithology and paleontology of the uppermost Ordovician along the northern edge of the Williston Basin in Manitoba. Modern concepts and approaches were applied in examining the sedimentary rocks and fossils, including X-ray diffraction, stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis, and statistical algorithms. Nine lithofacies, representing a series of shallowing events, and environmentally significant subaerial exposure surfaces, were identified. The distribution and relative abundance of identified fossils were used to delineate faunal associations, which were examined in the context of the impending end-Ordovician mass extinction. Historically, the stratigraphy of the latest Ordovician has been problematic. Therefore, detailed examination of this succession aided in clarifying unit boundaries in the Stony Mountain and Stonewall formations. Study of this new succession contributed a wealth of information to the understanding of the uppermost Ordovician of Manitoba.

The Limeira Intrusion is an occurrence related to the Mesozoic continental flood basalts of Paraná Magmatic Province, cropping out at the eastern São Paulo state. It is made up of basic- intermediate rocks with a great diversity of structures, textures, and modal compositions, related to the specific evolutionary process in a magma chamber. 2D forward modeling of magnetometric data, based on available aerial and newly obtained ground data integrated with in situ rock magnetic susceptibility measurements, were used to establish its geometry. The results, even considering intrinsic drawbacks of magnetometric theoretical models, are compatible with the geologic-based presumed intrusion geometry. In addition, the stratigraphic analysis of compositional and textural variations, coupled with the structural and geometric features, allowed the interpretation of its emplacement mechanism and thermal evolution. Quantitative textural analysis through crystal size distribution (CSD) of plagioclase crystals, the spatial distribution pattern of structures, microtextures, granulation, and rock-types, evidenced the internal heterogeneities of this occurrence. An approximately 110 m top-to-floor exposure section reveals that its internal heterogeneity was caused by non-instantaneous successive emplacement of three different magma injections. The textural analysis also reveals fine-grained crystals formed under different cooling paths, present in medium- to coarse- grained rocks within the intrusion, next to sharp contacts between different rock compositions. The contacts between different rocks are characterized by hybridization textures and by significant amounts of plumose granophyre-type and plumose plagioclase. The time lapse between consecutive pulses is responsible for a stepwise cooling-path, preservation of hybridization textures, and the development of almost rigid surfaces providing crystals alignment during magma flow. High-resolution Sr-isotopy data demonstrates a complex assembly history, possibly involving filter pressing of residual liquids, and pre-existent crystals before magma installation in coarse-grained rocks. It is also possible to recognize fewer amounts of country-rocks assimilation, which decreases towards the intrusion\'s core and can be associated with magma migration due to filter pressing processes. In the feeder zone, the evolution of emplacement was marked by an almost continuous decrease in wall-rock assimilation by the consecutive magma batches. A intrusão de Limeira é uma ocorrência associada aos basaltos continentais Mesozoicos da Província Magmática do Paraná, aflorando na região leste do estado de São Paulo. Esta intrusão é composta por rochas básico-intermediárias que ocorrem com grande diversidade de estruturas, texturas e composições modais, relacionados aos mecanismos evolutivos específicos desta câmara. A modelagem magnetométrica bidimensional, baseado em aerolevantamentos disponíveis e dados recentes obtidos em campo e integrados às medidas de suscetibilidade magnética em rocha, foram utilizados para estabelecer sua geometria. Os resultados, mesmo considerando as desvantagens intrínsecas teóricas do método, são compatíveis com o modelo geológico presumido para esta intrusão. Adicionalmente, a análise das variações estratigráficas de composição e texturas, associados aos parâmetros estruturais e geológicos, permitiram a interpretação dos mecanismos de colocação e evolução térmica desta intrusão. Análises texturais quantitativas através da análise de distribuição de tamanho de cristais (DTC), a distribuição espacial de padrões estruturais, microtexturas, granulação e litotipos, evidenciam a heterogeneidade interna desta ocorrência. A seção de aproximadamente 110 metros de topo- a-base revela que sua heterogeneidade interna foi causada pela injeção sucessiva de pelo menos três pulsos magmáticos. Através da análise textural foram reconhecidos cristais de plagioclásio de granulação muito fina a fina presentes em rochas de granulação média a grossa, formados em diferentes razões de resfriamento e próximo ao contato abrupto entre rochas de diferentes composições. Estes contatos caracterizam zonas onde são reconhecidas texturas híbridas e são marcados pela presença e abundância de intercrescimentos granofíricos do tipo plumoso e plagioclásios plumosos. O espaço de tempo entre pulsos magmáticos consecutivos é responsável pela evolução térmica em etapas nesta intrusão, preservando as texturas de hibridização, e desenvolvendo superfícies com rigidez suficiente para promover o alinhamento de cristais de plagioclásio por fluxo magmático. Análises isotópicas demonstram um processo de colocação complexo para este corpo, possivelmente envolvendo a filtragem por pressão dos líquidos residuais da cristalização dos pulsos iniciais, além da existência de ante-cristais formados antes da instalação das rochas de granulação grossa. Também é possível reconhecer o processo de assimilação de uma pequena parcela das rochas encaixantes, principalmente pelas rochas das bordas, que decai para o centro da intrusão e é marcado pela migração dos líquidos residuais. Na zona de alimentação, a evolução da colocação é marcada pela diminuição do processo de assimilação pelos pulsos seguintes.

O Alogrupo Guaritas, inserido na fase final de preenchimento da Bacia do Camaquã, é composto por arenitos castanho avermelhados de origem aluvial, lacustre, fluvial e eólica e é subdividido em duas sequências deposicionais nomeadas Pedra Pintada e Varzinha. Este estudo envolveu a realização de análises químicas em rocha total de vinte e seis amostras selecionadas do Alogrupo Guaritas e a consequente aplicação desses dados geoquímicos para fins de caracterização geoquímica, quimioestratigráfica e isotópica desta unidade, além da tentativa de restringir sua proveniência e intemperismo das suas rochas fontes. Os arenitos são composicionalmente uniformes e apresentam similaridade com a Crosta Continental Superior, indicando derivação de fontes mais diferenciadas. Entretanto, enquanto que os arenitos da Aloformação Pedra Pintada mostram-se depletados em praticamente todos os elementos terras raras, os arenitos da Aloformação Varzinha são depletados apenas em Sc, V, Sr, Y, Zr, Ni e enriquecidos em Ba e Rb em relação à Crosta Continental Superior. Os padrões de Elementos Terras Raras mostram enriquecimento em Elementos Terras Raras Leves, com razões La(N)/Sm(N) entre 3,7 e 6,1 e padrões mais suaves para Elementos Terras Raras Pesados, com razões Gd(N)/Yb(N) entre 1,0 e 2,7; acoplados a presença de anomalias de Eu moderadas. O Índice Químico de Alteração (CIA: 55-64) revelam protólitos pouco a moderadamente intemperizados para os arenitos estudados indicando predomínio de intemperismo físico de desagregação das rochas fonte. Considerações geoquímicas apresentadas pelas razões SiO2/Al2O3 e K2O/Na2O indicam a possibilidade de áreas fontes mais diferenciadas ou com maior retrabalhamento sedimentar na Aloformação Pedra Pintada, com aporte de fontes menos diferenciadas na Aloformação Varzinha. Uma indicação de proveniência compatível com áreas fonte dominadas predominantemente por rochas ígneas graníticas é sugerida para o Alogrupo Guaritas através das elevadas razões Th/Sc e Zr/Sc apresentadas pelas amostras e pela composição isotópica Nd-Sr utilizada como traçadora de proveniência. The final phase of the Camaquã Basin sedimentary filling is represented by the Guaritas Alogroup. Reddish and brownish sandstones of alluvial, lacustrine, fluvial and eolic origin are the main litology, subdivided into two units named Pedra Pintada and Varzinha. This research presents twenty six chemical analyses of selected whole rock samples of the Guaritas Alogroup and the application of these data concerning the chemical characterization, chemical and isotopic stratigraphy and also indications of provenance and weathering of their source rocks. Guaritas sandstones are homogeneous in relation to the composition and very similar to the SCC (Superior Continental Crust) thus indicating derivation of more differentiated sources. Although the sandstones of the Pedra Pintada Aloformation are depleted in relation to the rare earth elements, the sandstones of the Varzinha Aloformation are only depleted in Sc, V, Sr, Y, Zr Ni and enriched in Ba and Rb (related to the SCC). The patterns of the Rare Earth Elements (REE) indicate enrichment in the Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) with ratios La(N)/Sm(N) between 3,7 e 6,1 and slightly patterns to the Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE), with ratios Gd(N)/Yb(N) between 1,0 e 2,7; and a visible Eu anomaly. The index CIA calculated to the studied sandstones is around 55 to 64 and can be correlated with protolites slightly to moderately weathered, associated with a predominance of physical processes. Ratios SiO2/Al2O3 and K2O/Na2O are indicative of source areas more differentiated or with better reworking in the Pedra Pintada and arriving of detritus associated with source slightly enriched in the Varzinha Aloformation. High ratios Th/Sc and Zr/Sc and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions indicates a provenance of source areas dominated by granitic igneous rocks to the Guaritas Alogroup.

Ce projet porte sur la reconstitution paléo-écologique d'un environnement forestier fossile retrouvé sur un plateau au sud-ouest de l'île Bylot. Il a comme objectifs 1) de préciser la chrono-stratigraphie du site; 2) d’établir une liste et une succession des différents taxons polliniques retrouvés dans les différentes unités stratigraphiques du site; 3) d’estimer leur âge et 4) d’en inférer des conditions climatiques (température et précipitations). Plusieurs coupes stratigraphiques ont été excavées puis échantillonnées afin de réaliser des analyses stratigraphiques, paléomagnétiques et polliniques. Un GPS différentiel fut également utilisé afin de caractériser à petite et grande échelle les unités stratigraphiques associées aux unités organiques fossiles. Les résultats des analyses granulométriques indiquent la séquence de dépôt suivante au sein d’une dépression dans la roche en place (schiste tertiaire) : 1) un diamicton glaciaire local ; 2) un sédiment limoneux d’origine glacio-lacustre ; 3) une unité organique tourbeuse; 4) une unité de type alluvial ; 5) un sédiment fluvio-glaciaire et 6) un diamicton glaciaire d’origine allochtone. Les analyses polliniques suggèrent une végétation similaire à celle présente près de la limite des arbres actuelle, environ 2000 km plus au sud. Les conditions climatiques plus humides et plus chaudes permettaient notamment la croissance du pin (Pinus type strobus et banksiana), de l’épinette (Picea cf. mariana), de l’aulne (type crispa et incana) et du mélèze (Larix, indifférencié). Enfin, les études paléomagnétiques et la présence d’espèces éteintes suggèrent un âge pour les dépôts organiques fossiles situé entre 2,14 et 2,15 Ma ou entre 2,581 et 3,040 Ma. The project focuses on the paleo-ecological reconstitution of a fossil forest environment found on a plateau on the southwest part of Bylot Island, in the Canadian Arctic. The objectives were 1) to describe the chrono-stratigraphy of the site; 2) to establish a list and the succession of different pollen taxa found in organic and inorganic fossil units of the site; 3) to estimate their age and 4) to infer the past climatic conditions of the site. Several stratigraphic cuts were excavated and sampled for stratigraphic, paleomagnetic and pollen analyses. Also, a differential GPS was used to characterise the stratigraphic units associated with the organic fossil units at a small and large scale. Results of the granulometric analysis suggest the following deposition sequence starting from a depression in the bedrock (tertiary shale): 1) a glacial diamicton with local clasts; 2) a silty sediment of glacio-lacustrine origin; 3) an organic peat unit; 4) an alluvial type unit; 5) a fluvio-glacial sediment and 6) a glacial diamicton of allochtone origin. The pollen analyses suggest vegetation similar to that of the current tree-line limit, situated about 2000 km south of the site. The climatic conditions were warmer and more humid, allowing the local growth of pines (Pinus type strobus and banksiana), spruce (Picea cf. mariana), alder (Alnus type crispa and incana) and larch (Larix, undifferentiated). Paleomagnetic analyses and the presence of extinct species finally suggest an age for the organic fossil deposits of between 2,14 and 2,15 My or most likely between 2,581 and 3,040 My.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-05T15:36:16Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 1.pdf: 2992725 bytes, checksum: 2bbbf58b4f748874753f4c4fa999b18a (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 2.pdf: 3174873 bytes, checksum: 251e46017f6ff036e77d4a371d63bab0 (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 3.pdf: 3863774 bytes, checksum: 8292711ad94d2075640eea93eecbf96e (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 4.pdf: 1369025 bytes, checksum: a7a78ff37cdee2535e761c1663956e2e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-05T15:36:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 1.pdf: 2992725 bytes, checksum: 2bbbf58b4f748874753f4c4fa999b18a (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 2.pdf: 3174873 bytes, checksum: 251e46017f6ff036e77d4a371d63bab0 (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 3.pdf: 3863774 bytes, checksum: 8292711ad94d2075640eea93eecbf96e (MD5) Dissertacao Thamila Menezes pt 4.pdf: 1369025 bytes, checksum: a7a78ff37cdee2535e761c1663956e2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The Parecis Basin is one of the largest Brazilian intracratonic basins and has the Amazonian Craton as basement. Until now, few studies have been carried out due to lack of available data. Up until the early 2000 s, the sedimentation of the basin was considered to be predominantly Paleozoic. Recently, new seismic and well data were acquired, and recent studies that analyze the adjacent areas consider that the Parecis Basin contains Proterozoic sediments. This dissertation elaborated, through the interpretation of seismic data, well correlation and the integration of these data, a depositional model for the Proterozoic age of the basin for the portion of the Juruena sub-basin that is related to the Paraguay Belt sediments. The workflow utilized was seismic interpretation, large sedimentary packages and identification and behavior of the seismic facies for each sequence in the northern and southern portions of the study area. Well correlation was used to delimit the sequences utilizing the lithologic log and the gamma ray curve patter for the wells 2-SM-0001-MT e 2-ANP-4-MT. Ultimately, the integration of the seismic and well data refined the interpretation and allowed the association of the sequences mapped to the formations of the Paraguay Belt. As such, it can be considered that the Proterozoic sedimentation of the Parecis Basin is a preserved portion of the Paraguay Belt with sediments deposited in context of the passive margin basin originating from the separation of the Rodinia supercontinent. The region suffered various orogenic processes, with the Brasiliana Orogeny being the more expressive, which originated the Paraguay Belt. This is part of the ancient basin that arose from the collision process of the Amazonian Craton with the Parana Block. The conclusion of this work was the reorganization of the formations of the Neoproterozoic section of the southern portion of the Parecis Basin, where the Juruena sub-basin is situated in the vicinity of the northern Paraguay Belt. In addition to this result, it was possible to observe from the seismic interpretation, escape gas structures, predominantly in the 0295-0010 seismic line, which is in the sub-surface region of the Teles Pires river, recognized by the gas exudations of thermogenic, biogenic and atmospheric origins A Bacia dos Parecis é uma das maiores bacias intracratônicas brasileiras e tem como substrato o Cráton do Amazonas. Até o momento poucos estudos foram realizados, devido à escassez de dados e, até a primeira década dos anos 2000, a sedimentação na Bacia era considerada predominantemente paleozoica. Nos últimos anos novos dados sísmicos e de poços foram adquiridos, e estudos recentes consideraram, a partir da análise em áreas adjacentes, que a Bacia dos Parecis contém sedimentos proterozoicos. Esta dissertação elaborou, através da interpretação sísmica, correlação de poços e integração destes dados, um modelo deposicional para a idade proterozoica da Bacia, na porção da sub-bacia de Juruena, relacionando com os sedimentos da Faixa Paraguai. O fluxo de trabalho utilizado foi a interpretação sísmica, delimitando grandes pacotes sedimentares e identificação e comportamento das sismofácies de cada sequência na porção norte e sul da área estudada. Outra etapa foi a correlação dos poços, delimitando as sequências com o auxílio do perfil litológico e do padrão da curva de raio gama dos poços 2-SM-0001-MT e 2-ANP-4-MT. Por fim a integração dos dados sísmicos e de poços permitiu o refinamento da interpretação e assim, foi possível associar as sequências mapeadas às formações da Faixa Paraguai. Assim, pode-se considerar que a sedimentação proterozoica da Bacia dos Parecis é uma porção preservada da Faixa Paraguai, com sedimentos depositados num contexto de bacia de margem passiva originada da separação do supercontinente Rodínia. A região sofreu diversos processos orogênicos, sendo a Orogenia Brasiliana a mais expressiva, que originou a Faixa Paraguai. A seção proterozoica da Bacia dos Parecis faz parte de uma antiga bacia que soerguiu no processo de colagem do Cráton do Amazonas com o Bloco Paraná. Este trabalho propõe a reorganização das formações da seção neoproterozoica da Bacia dos Parecis, porção sul onde está situada a sub-bacia de Juruena, nas adjacências da Faixa Paraguai Norte. Além de algumas modificações na atual carta estratigráfica. A interpretação sísmica também apresentou feições de escapes de gás na região de subsuperfície do rio Teles Pires, já conhecido por suas exsudações de gás de origens termogênicas, biogênicas e atmosféricas

Türkiye nin jeolojisi, Pontid, Anatolid, Torid, Kenar kıvrımları olmak üzere tektonik kuşaklara ayrılarak incelenmiştir. Pontid Kuşağının batısında yer alan Sakarya Tektonik Kuşağı jeolojik anlamda Türkiye'nin ana tektonik birliklerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Sakarya Tektonik Kuşağı?nda oldukça yoğun jeolojik araştırmalar yapılmış olmasına rağmen yapısal-tektonik ve stratigrafik nite¬likleri henüz tam olarak ortaya konulamamıştır.Bolu-Eskipazar Zonu?nun güneyinde yer alan Sakarya Kıtası Tektonik Kuşağı içerisindeki, Bilecik ilinin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan inceleme alanında; temel kayaçları üzerinde uyumsuzlukla yer alan örtü birimlerinin çeşitlilik ve fosil içeriği bakımından oldukça ilgi çekici olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada birimlere detay yaş verilmesi ve stratigrafinin de bu detay yaşlara göre kurgulanması yapılmış, çalışma alanının, Orta Sakarya Bölgesindeki jeolojik ve stratigrafik konumu yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada daha önce değişik jeoloji amaçlı olarak yapılmış olan çalışmalara katma değer katmak amacı ile biyostratigrafiye yönelik detay çalışmalar yapmak ta amaçlanmıştır. Aynı birlik içerisinde yer alan ve önceki çalışmalarda değişik adlar altında tanımlanmış formasyonların detay paleontolojisinin ve karşılaştırılmasının yapılmasıyla elde edilen verilerin, formasyon adlama ve stratigrafik düzey karışıklığına çözüm olabileceği gibi tektono-stratigrafık açıdan da önemli sonuçlar çıkarabileceği düşünülmektedir.Bu kapsamda yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda; sistematik olarak derlenmiş kayaç örnekleri üzerinede ayrıntılı paleontolojik ve biyostratigrafik çalışmalar yapılmış, toplam, 5 calpionel cinsi ve bu cinselere ait 11 tür ün yanı sıra, çok sayıda bentik-pelajik foraminifer saptanmış ve sistematikleri yapılmıştır. Geology of Turkey is investigated within Pontid, Anatolid, Taurid and margin folds tectonic belt. Sakarya tectonic belt located in western part of Pontid belt is one of main tectonic units of Turkey. In this belt are carried out numerous geological studies but its tectonic and stratigraphic features aren't yet completed. The investigated area is situated in northeastern of Bilecik city within Sakarya continent tectonic belt. It is known that cover units of this region located unconformably on base units are noteworthy in term of fosil content and variety. Detail aged of units and envision of stratigraphy based on these ages are realized in this study. In additon, geologic and stratigraphic position of investigated area are tried to interpret.Biostratigraphic researches are also done to contribute to differrent geological studies that carried out previous works. Detail paleontology and correlation of formations which are described different names in previous studies and located in same units are realized. These data may to be answer to confusion of formation defination and stratigraphic range and also thought to bring important result in point of tectono-stratigraphy. As a result of studies, detail paleontologic and biostratigraphic investigations have been realized on systematic samples. In addition, systematic descriptions of total 5 calpionel genus and their 11 species and numerous benthic-pelagic foraminifera were carried out. 82

Mount Papuk is located in the southern part of the Pannonian Basin System (PBS) in eastern Croatia. The research area included the eastern part of the mountain and the southern part of the eastern Drava Depression between the settlements of Slatina, Orahovica, Velika and Voćin. This area is built mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian and Early Paleozoic. Permian-Mesozoic clastic and carbonate sediments also occur, while Neogene and Quaternary PBS deposits form marginal parts of Papuk Mt. and the Drava Depression. The principal research objectives of the thesis were to collect data about the type of rocks and structural elements located in the study area, to present the collected data in the database and on the geological map and to construct two transverse profiles to provide above to interpret the geological structure of the area of its origin. The Geographic Information System (GIS), respectively ArcGIS, was used to create the database and geological map. The profiles were constructed using the Autodesk program (AutoCAD). Gora Papuk smještena je na južnom dijelu Panonskoga bazenskoga sustava (PBS), a nalazi se u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Područje istraživanja obuhvatilo je istočni dio gore te južni dio istočne Dravske depresije, a nalazi se između naselja Slatina, Orahovica, Velika i Voćin. Ovo je područje izgrađeno uglavnom od magmatskih i metamorfnih stijena prekambrija i starijeg paleozoika. Javljaju se i pemsko-mezozojski klastični i karbonatni sedimenti, dok neogenske i kvartarne naslage PBS-a grade rubne dijelove Papuka i Dravsku depresiju. Ciljevi diplomskog rada bili su terenskim radom sakupiti podatke o vrsti stijena i strukturnim elementima koji se nalaze na istraživanom području, prikupljene podatke prikazati u bazi podataka i na geološkoj karti te konstruirati dva poprečna profila na pružanje gore kako bi se mogla interpretirati geološka građa područja i način njegovog nastanka. Za izradu baze podataka i geološke karte korišten je Geografski Informacijski sustav (GIS), odnosno ArcGIS, a profili su konstruirani korištenjem Autodesk programa (AutoCAD).

ABSTRACT Master Thesis THE RELATION QUARTERNARY CALISHES AND SOIL STRATIGRAPHY WHICH FORMED ON THE GAZİANTEP REGION Çetin PALTA Harran University Gruduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Soil Science 1997, Page: 82 Detailed physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted in order to determine the formation condition widely distrubuted caliches. The analyses were undertaken at different materials of the same horizon such as the calcite coulumn-weathered or caliche-sand materials. Thos a precise determination of these materials has been provided. It has been determined that the monst important factor forming the caliche and soil materials are the pleistocene humid pluvial and arid interpluvials. The fluctuations have caused dissolution, recrystalliation, neoformation and illuviation. Key Words: Caliche, Quaternary ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi GAZİANTEP YÖRESİNDE YER ALAN KUVARTERNER KALİŞLER VE TOPRAK STRATİGRAFİSİ İLE İLİŞKİLERİ ÇETİN PALTA Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Toprak Anabilim Dalı 1997 Sayfa: 82 Ülkemizde yaygın olan kaliş oluşumu koşullarım ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılan çalışmada ayrıntılı fiziksel, kimyasal ve mineralojik analizler yapılmıştır. Bu analizler aynı horizonda bile olsa farklı özellikler gösteren materyallerden ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. Böylece bu materyallerin köklerinin sağlıklı olarak saptanabilmesi sağlanmıştır. Kaliş ve toprak materyali oluşturan en önemli faktörün pleyistosendeki birbirini izleyen yağışlı (pluvial) ve kurak (interpluviyal) iklim salınımları olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu salınımlara bağlı olarak çözünme, kristalizasyon neoformasyon ve illuviyasyon olayları olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimler: Kaliş, Kuvaterner 82

Bu çalışmada İçel ili, Tarsus ilçesi kuzeyinde ve Kozan N33 d2 ve d3 paftaları içerisinde bulunan, Çamlıyayla ve Atdağı yerleşim alanlarının içerisinde yer aldığı yaklaşık 72 km2 lik alanda yüzeylenen kayaçların tektoniği incelenerek, belirtilen alanın 1/25.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası yapılmıştır. In this study, 1/25.000 scale geological mapping have baen completed at Çamlıyayla and Atdağı regions to the North of the Tarsus (İçel) which covers an area of approximately 72 square km within the Kozan N33 d2-d3 topographical sheets. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No: Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2006. vii, 52 s. : rnk. ; 29 cm. Kaynakça (s.46-50) var. TEZ5893