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The present monograph offers a survey of the Sasanian coin collection in the Civico Gabinetto Numismatico of Milan. The collection consists of sixty-nine silver coins from the Sasanian period. This publication provides scholars with the possibility of studying five centuries of Sasanian numismatics and history, with solid numismatic methodology and philological competence.

The Viking Congresses bring together scholars of archaeology, philology, history, toponymy, numismatics and a number of other disciplines to discuss the Viking Age. This volume contains 44 peer-reviewed papers selected from those presented at the 18th Viking Congress held in Denmark 2017. The contributors take of the interdisciplinary challenge, and the papers cover a wide range of subjects, rooted in the past, but also connecting to the present.

From 24 to 25 October 2019, our second colloquium was held in Athens, jointly organised by The Belgian School at Athens (EBSA); The European Center for Numismatic Studies (CEN – Bruxelles); The Netherlands Institute at Athens (NIA); The Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene (SAIA) and The Radboud University Nijmegen. These two study days, organized by Jean-Marc Doyen, Panagiotis Iossif and Luc Severs, followed the first event of the same type organized in Athens in 2017 and devoted to coins in funerary contexts. They were held on the premises of the Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, whose director, Professor XXX, we sincerely thank for the warm welcome he has always shown us.This second colloquium was entitled: Coins for the Gods, Coins for the Merchants ‒ Economy of the sacred compared to the economy of profane ; Monnaies pour les dieux, monnaies pour les marchands ‒ L’économie du sacré comparée à l’économie du profane; Νομίσματα για τους θεούς, Νομίσματα για τους εμπόρους ‒Η οικονομία των ιερών και η σχέση της με την οικονομία της αγοράς. It focused on the discoveries of coins from religious contexts, again in a limited geographical context, that of the Mediterranean basin, but always covering a long period, from classical Greece to the Byzantine period.Over the course of the two days, 22 papers were presented by leading experts in the field. There were 28 of them, coming from 10 different countries (Germany, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom and the U.S.A.) showing the interest that the scientific community has in this type of topic. Of the 22 papers presented in 2019, 16 were the subject of a written contribution. At the end of this volume, we have chosen to include the abstracts sent by the other speakers and included in the booklet given to all participants at the beginning of the conference.A third colloquium, which should have been dedicated to foundation deposits, could unfortunately not be held on the planned date (end of 2021) due to the pandemic. Our small team of volunteers has not withstood this ordeal, which has done great damage to research in the social sciences and humanities around the world, and the organization of other study days of the same kind in the future is unfortunately largely compromised.Jean-Marc Doyen, Panagiotis Iossif and Luc Severs International audience

Al-Walīd I b. ʽAbd al-Malik (705–715) الوليد بن عبد الملك ٨٦ هـ –٩٦ هـ AR N° M. I. 35372OBVERSE:FieldThere is no Godbut God He is the oneHe has no partnerMarginIn the name of God, this dirham was struck in Damascus in the year 90/708-9 درهم الرقم م ي ٣٥٣٧٢الوجه:المركزلا إله إلاالله وحدهلا شريك لهالمحيط بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم بدمشق سنة تسعين REVERSE:Field[He is] Allah, the One, Allah is Heon Whom all depend He begets notnor He is begottenAnd none is like HimMarginKoran IX, 33Weight 2.7 gSiz...

Abū ʽAlī Muḥammad b. al-Qasim with al-Muṭīʽ li’llāh (946–974) أبو علي بن القسم والمطيع لله ٣٣٤هـ–٣٦٣هـ AV N° M. I. 5968Obverse:FieldThere is no god but GodMuḥammad is the Messenger of Godal-Muṭīʽ li’llāhMarginIn the name of God, this dīnār was struck in ʽAṯṯar in the year 360/970–1 دينار الرقم م ي ٥٩٦٨الوجه:المركزلا إله إلا اللهمحمد رسول اللهالطائع للهالمحيطبسم الله ضرب هذا الدينار بعثر سنة ستين و ثلثمائة Reverse:FieldHas ordered the amīrAbū ʽAlī Muḥammad b. al-QasimMarginKoran XVII, 81-82We...