• Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage

Word embeddings have advanced the state of the art in NLP across numerous tasks. Understanding the contents of dense neural representations is of utmost interest to the computational semantics community. We propose to focus on relating these opaque word vectors with human-readable definitions, as found in dictionaries This problem naturally divides into two subtasks: converting definitions into embeddings, and converting embeddings into definitions. This task was conducted in a multilingual setting, using comparable sets of embeddings trained homogeneously. Peer reviewed

With this book I recount my personal experience with the extraordinary discovery. The April 21, 2012 I got something that seemed impossible: Deciphering the Iberian writing. An important finding the universal culture of recent times. From the moment that the work was published “Karuo el secreto ibero” then I became a leading global benchmark in history and linguistics. The innumerable details, explanations, evidence and known meanings never reported before, are must for all those who want to understand the history reference, the ancient and modern language, or even also in the future for those who wish to study and investigate in depth these issues, more if fits since academia.

The article applies a spatial-body framework to Bel and the Dragon (LXX/Th Dan 14). This application indicates that the narrative represents a shift in the author's personal worldview. Bel and the Dragon demonstrates how gods other than the Jewish deity are not only powerless as shown in Dan 1-6, but they are false and therefore should be done away with. The author/editor emasculates the Gentile worldview by utilising Daniel to eradicate the other gods. What starts as an invasion of the Jewish deity's god-space in Daniel 1, ends with the extermination of the false Babylonian gods and the emasculation of their avowed divinity (LXX/Th Dan 14). In this way The Greek Daniel ends with an intolerance towards other worldviews. By means of his narratives the apocryphal author/editor creates a new reality and worldview within which the Jews in the diaspora can still be faithful to their God without being afraid of competing earthly powers or other so-called deities. In this article new insights form linguistic studies in regards to space and body are utilised as part of a new text analysis method.

Este artigo apresenta aos leitores uma relação paralelística entre os termos “signo de Libra” e “Libras”, a Língua Brasileira de Sinais. O trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a classificação da Libras tendo como base categorias linguísticas quanto a aquisição/aprendizagem, oferecendo exemplos elucidativos ao longo da discussão. É possível perceber que a classificação não difere em comparação com as línguas orais, entretanto há exceções que serão discutidas, como o caso de Língua Materna e Primeira Língua. Os estudos relacionados às línguas de sinais são recentes em comparação com as demais línguas oralizadas e necessitam de mais pesquisas na área. Desta forma, partindo de um tópico da cultura popular, a Astrologia, estabelece-se a discussão sobre categorias para a classificação das línguas, em particular, a Libras. This article presents readers with a parallelistic relationship between the terms "sign of Libra" and "Libras", the Brazilian Sign Language. The work aims to discuss the classification of Libras based on linguistic categories regarding acquisition/learning, offering elucidative examples throughout the discussion. It is possible to notice that the classification does not differ in comparison with oral languages, however there are exceptions that will be discussed, such as the case of Mother Tongue and First Language. Studies related to sign languages are recent compared to other oral languages and require further research in the area. In this way, starting from a topic of popular culture, Astrology, the discussion about categories for the classification of languages, in particular, Libras, is established.

Наразі дуже актуальним є викладання іноземної мови із використанням лінгвокраїнознавчого аспекту. В загальноосвітніх навчальних закладах деякі теми викладаються саме із використанням вищезазначеного підходу. Проте в деяких загальноосвітніх школах із поглибленим вивченням іноземної мови (іноземних мов) існує окремий предмет – Країнознавство. Ця робота зупиняє увагу на співвідношенні понять «лінгвокраїнознавство» та «країнознавство», визначає сутність лінгвокраїнознавчого аспекту у викладанні іноземної мови. Також вона визначає практичні складові лінгвокраїнознавчого аспекту, а саме види лексики та фразеологізми (з прикладами). Останньою і дуже важливою складовою є розробка власного комплексу із чотирьох завдань з метою кращого засвоювання та відпрацювання знань учнями. Структура комплексу: перше завдання - перегляд відео (короткий фільм) та будування діалогу відповідно до цього відео; друге – кросворд; третє - виступ-презентація; четверте - використання інтернет-ресурсу для оцінки і закріплення знань. Nowadays teaching of foreign language using the linguistic-national aspect is very topical. In general education institutions taught some of these topics precisely with this approach. However, in some general secondary schools with in-depth study of a foreign language (foreign languages) there is a separate subject – the Regional Geography. This work focuses on the relation between the concepts of linguistic and ethnography and defines the essence of the linguistic aspect in the teaching of foreign language. It also defines the practical components of the linguistic-ethnographic aspect, such as the types of vocabulary and phraseology (with examples). The last and very important part is the development of its own four tasks complex for better assimilation and development of students’ knowledge. Complex structure is presented by: the first task is to watch a video (short film) and build a dialogue according to this video; the second is a crossword; the third - presentation; Fourth - use of the Internet resource to assess and consolidate knowledge.

The article is devoted to a discussion of dominant approaches developed within the framework of Corpus Linguistics (CL) and their influence on the general theory of language. Based on the research co-authored with his colleagues, the author describes three approaches to linguistic research in CL. First, corpus-informed analysis assumes that the data collected in the corpus are used as a source of examples in a natural language. Second, corpus-based analysis presupposes that the data are examined not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. Third, corpus-driven analysis assumes that the research task is to create an algorithm for data processing, the results of which require theoretical interpretation or practical application. The article concludes with a discussion of those implications that CL brings into the general understanding of language. The most important of them are: reduction of the role of introspection, increase of attention to peripheral linguistic phenomena, and reliance on quantitative data. It is still too early to sum up the impact of corpus linguistics on the general theory of language, but it is already clear that syntagmatic connections, in particular idiomatization in a broad sense, have moved into the focus of linguistic attention and are recognized as one of the main phenomena of language and its evolution. Moreover, an adequate description of a language is not limited to the rules of interaction of units divided into levels, but the description of all - both individual and the most general - probabilistic parameters of use, representing a single continuum in which the division into language and speech is conventional. Peer reviewed

The article analyzes the most significant foreign studies of sci-fi and fantasy in order to define the place of linguistics in this sphere of research, to highlight relevant linguistic problems that require further research. Two main development directions of linguistic studies are emphasized, and the necessity of the further specifically linguistic study of certain problems is established.

الخلاصة : تعن حروف الجر من أهخ الروابط في الجملة العربية ؛ حيث إن الأسماء والأفعال عناصر لغوبة بمولة الئبنات المفككة المرصوصة لا يجعلها حانحئا مبنيا إلا هذه الحروف ، الني تربط الئبنة إلى أخها وتقرها إلى مناسبها ؛ ولذلك كان دور هذه الحروف من أخطر الأدوار؛ لأئه هوالذي يكؤن الئغة ولاتخلو جملة من استخدام إحدى هذه الحروف؛ لذا فإن دراسها وفهم مدلولاتها من أهخ الخئرورات لفهم اللغة والكشف عن أسرارها وبيان مدلولاتها المختلغة التي يحددها حرف الجؤ بشكل أكز دقة من خلال ربطه بين أجزاء الجملة ؛ فحروف الجؤ تصل ما قبلها بما بعدها فتوصل لاسم بالاسم ، والفعل بالاسم ، ولا يدخل حرف الجر إلأ عاى لاسماء ؛ ولذا فهناك ابصال وثيق بين الجار والمجرور ٠ فهما مئا وحدة تركيبية واحدة . إر٠ من أهخ ما ينبني الوقوف عنده دلالة حرف الجز في الجملة الني يرد فها ؛ حيث يكون الموجه الحقيقي للمعنى في الجملة ؛ ووسيلة اليط بين أطرافها ؛ والبن في ذلك واجع إلى أى حروف الجر تربط ما بين لاسماء المتوالية ، فتبعث فها الحياة للقيام بوظيفها التغوبة ء ولكل حرف في الأريب موقعه الذي يتطئبه . ومن أهم الخئواهر اللغوبة التي يجب فهمها ظاهرة الئخهمين أولاحلال؛ وهو : استعمال حرف جر بمعنى حرف جر أخر ؛ فهناك قاعدة معنوبة عن حروف الجؤ تقول : .احروف الجز يتبادل ٠كل مها موخع الآخر كين! 11؛ فمئلأ الحرف(عر) قد يأني بمعنى(في) ء والحرف(عن) قد يأني بمعنى(عش) ٠ وك١ئ هذه المسائل اللغوبة لها عظيم لاثر في فهم اللغة وخاصة عندما نتعامل ٠ع الئص القرأني وبيان المراد هن آياته وتفسهها بوصوح. Harf-i Cerler Arapça ’da cümle içerisinde yer alan en önemli bağlaçlardandır. Dilin temel taşları olan isim ve fiillerin birleştirilmesini sağlayan bir anlamda duvarın harcı rolünü üstlenen bir görevleri bulunmaktadır. Bundan dolayı harf-i cerleri araştırmak ve ifade ettikleri manaları anlamaya çalışmak dil çalışmaları açısından önem taşımaktadır. Harf-i Cerler sadece isimlerin başında kullanıldıklarından aralarında önemli bir bağlantı bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca harfi cerlerden her birinin cümleye kattığı anlam niteliği de farklılık arz etmektedir. İhlâl ya da Tazmin olguları kapsamında ifade edilmesi gereken hususların başında bir harf-i cerin başka bir harf-i cer anlamında kullanılması gelmektedir. Bu çerçevede “harf-i cerler çoğu zaman bir başka harf-i cerin yerine kullanılabilir” şeklinde bir uygulama göze çarpmaktadır.Örneğin لِى harfi ceri bazen في anlamında, harf-i ceri ise لِى anlamında kullanılmıştır. Bu farklılık özellikle Kur’an metni ve yorumu bağlamında önem taşımaktadır Huruful Jaar are one of the most important conjunctions used in sentences. They help us to unite nouns and verbs regarded as foundation stones of a sentence. Huruful Jaar can also be defined as a role of plasters used for walls. Thus, it is important to study the huruful jaar and figure them out in terms of linguistic studies. Huruful Jaar have essential meanings only when they are used in the beginning of a noun. Each one of them also varies in terms of giving semantic features to sentences. One of the leading issues to be mentioned in the phenomenon of Ihlal or Tazmin is the usage of a harfi jaar in the meaning of another harfi jaar. So, Huruful Jaar are often could be used in place of other huruful Jaar .For instance jt. is sometimes used in place of J and jt. is sometimes used in place of This diversity is especially important in Koranic text and its interpretation.

The study of the words of the Holy Qur’an and the formation of its terminology represent an origin of the language, given the constant of the affiliation of the Holy Qur’an to the heart of Arab life, and the beginning of its development. The Holy Qur’an is one of the Arab pilgrims, and its vocabulary, vocabulary and terminology is at the top of the ladder of eloquence. This study relied on the descriptive historical approach, followed by examples of political terms: peace and reconciliation, covenant and the Charter, and it was a semantic linguistic study, in the light of Quranic evidence, to differentiate the significance of these terms and their meanings, with reference to the semantic and use differences between those words.