• Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage

This deliverable describes the activities carried out during the four years of the ARIADNEplus project on the implementation of the ARIADNEplus Ontology within Task 4.4 of Work Package 4 (WP4). Other Tasks of WP4, including the operation of the help desk, the procedure for mapping datasets to the data model and supporting the 3M mapping tool, and the integration of digital libraries were reported in Deliverable D4.3. Related work has taken place under WP2 (Extending and Supporting the ARIADNE community), WP5 (Extending the ARIADNEplus data infrastructure), WP12 (data integration and interoperability), and WP14 (The ARIADNEplus knowledge management system), and these provide the focus of other deliverables (D2.5, D5.4, D12.5, and D14.2). The overall objective of WP4 was to Integrate the datasets of the Archaeological Research Communities, and Task 4.4 was focussed on Implementing the ARIADNE ontology - the AO-Cat - and the ontology extensions, known as application profiles, to specific sub-domains of archaeology and archaeological science. The work was organised in subtasks by domain. In this report we finalise the presentation of the AO-Cat in Section 3. The outcome of progress on each of the fourteen potential application profiles is reported in Section 4. In Deliverable D4.2 we presented three case studies in detail (for Heritage Science, Bio-Archaeology and Ancient DNA, and Inscriptions). In Section 5 of this deliverable we present one further case study for Fieldwork activities, an extensive investigation of how the ARIADNE Ontology can be used to model particularly complex and articulated scenarios of archaeological investigations and activities. The results achieved by Task 4.4 (in collaboration with WP14) have gone far beyond the expectations framed at the beginning of the project. Indeed, the development process of the application profiles and their systematisation as part of the general ARIADNE ontological framework have not only allowed the efficient and complete representation of the entire ARIADNE information ecosystem, but have also greatly contributed to the advancement of research in the field of the development of ontologies and conceptual models for cultural heritage. Of particular note was the development of the AO-Cat, a completely new standard that allowed us to construct the ARIADNE Catalogue in an effective and straightforward way, and to achieve an outstanding level of integration of over three million archaeological resources encompassing all sub-domains. The AO-Cat has proved to be perfectly adequate and sufficient for modelling data on palaeo-anthropology (subtask 4.4.1), maritime and underwater archaeology (subtask 4.4.11) and for most of the information in the domains of environmental archaeology (subtask 4.4.3) and public archaeological finds (subtask 4.4.7), in which the extensive use of controlled vocabularies to assign specific concepts to each of the defined instances has also allowed to reach a particularly extensive level of integration. The fact that a slightly modified version of the AO-Cat is now proving itself fit for purpose for data aggregation of maritime heritage data drawn from all of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland demonstrates its applicability to projects beyond ARIADNE. The AO-Cat has also proved to be efficient in combination with the extensions of the CIDOC CRM ecosystem used for field survey information (subtask 4.4.6 in combination with CRMarchaeo), standing structures (subtask 4.4.9, in interaction with CRMba) and inscriptions (subtask 4.4.13 together with CRMtex). In some cases it was sufficient to combine AO-Cat with a specialised service, such as that of spatio-temporal ARIADNEplus D4.4 (Public) 6 data (subtask 4.4.10) set up for interoperability of geographical information, to achieve optimal integration without any need to define additional dedicated conceptual tools. Among the new models, in addition to the AO-Cat, the development of the application profile for scientific data (CRMhs, for subtasks 4.4.4 and 4.4.5) and for bio-archaeology and ancient DNA (subtask 4.4.2) was also of considerable interest. These are two entirely new models, harmonised with each other, and devoted to the study of the specific problems of heritage science. The classes and properties introduced by these models have also proved to be of great use in other subdomains. In fact, one of the most interesting strategies adopted in the development phase was the reuse of models previously defined in ARIADNEplus, (CRMhs and aDNA in particular) for the definition of subsequent application profiles, such as those for remote sensing (subtask 4.4.8) and burials (4.4.14). In this case, the conceptual foundations and the logic with which the reused entities had previously been defined in the original ontologies have also been taken up and adapted to the rationales of the new models. A very sophisticated case was that of fieldwork activity (task 4.4.12), where the complexity of the domain and of the multiple events and activities that it involves required the deployment of most of the ARIADNE Ontology models alongside CRMarchaeo for the development of the application profile. The definition of such an assorted and well-orchestrated set of ontological models is an extraordinary achievement for a project like ARIADNEplus which has put integration and interoperability at the heart of its research programme. Beyond their immediate usefulness for the construction of the ARIADNE semantic data space, the importance of this development work lies in the ability to conceptually model the infinite facets of a complex domain such as that of archaeology. The application profiles are innovative tools, ready to be used in external contexts, as an effective standard for the information of other research domains. The ARIADNE Ontology is squarely placed in the family of CIDOC CRM ontologies, which it enriches and with which it forms a synergistic system for modelling any type of information produced by the domains of Cultural Heritage and Heritage Science. {"references": ["Asp\u00f6ck, E., Theodoridou, M. and Felicetti, A. 2022. Types of burial data and proposal of a Mortuary Data Application Profile for ARIADNEplus (WP4.4.14) (1.2). ARIADNEplus Project. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252485", "Bombini, A., Castelli, L., dell'Agnello, L., Felicetti, A., Giacomini, F., Niccolucci, F. and Taccetti, F., 2021. CHNet cloud: an EOSC-based cloud for physical technologies applied to cultural heritages. In Proceedings of the Conferenza GARR 2021 - Sostenibile/Digitale. Dati e tecnologie per il futuro; GARR., Ed. Associazione Consortium GARR, Vol. Selected Papers. https://doi.org/10.26314/GARR-Conf21- proceedings-09.", "Castelli, L., Felicetti, A. and Proietti, F. 2021. Heritage Science and Cultural Heritage: standards and tools for establishing cross-domain data interoperability. International Journal of Digital Libraries, 22, 279\u2013287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-019-00275-2.", "Correia, M.-J, and Santos Silva, A.. forthcoming. Aggregating Historic Buildings information in the ARIADNE catalogue. Internet Archaeology", "de Haas, T. and van Leusen, M. 2020. FAIR survey: improving documentation and archiving practices in archaeological field survey through CIDOC CRM. FastiOnline - FOLD&R Archaeological Survey Series, Nr.12, The Journal of Fasti Online http://www.fastionline.org/docs/FOLDER-sur-2020-12.pdf", "Felicetti, A., Gerth, P., Meghini, C. and Theodoridou, M. 2015. Integrating het-erogeneous coin datasets in the context of archaeological research, Paola Ronzino and Franco Niccolucci (eds.): Extending, Mapping and Focusing the CIDOC CRM (CRMEX 2015) Workshop, 19th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL 2015), Poznan, Poland, September 17, 2015. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1656/paper2.pdf.", "Felicetti, A. and Galluccio, I. 2021. Retrieving and Integrating Archaeo-logical Data on the Web. The Herculaneum Case Study. B\u00f6rner, Wolfgang; Kral-B\u00f6rner, Christina; Rohland, Hendrik. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies. 2021. https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.747.", "Felicetti, A. and Murano, F. 2021a. Ce qui est \u00e9crit et ce qui est parl\u00e9. CRMtex for modelling textual entities on the Semantic Web. Semantic Web Journal, Vol.12(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200418.", "Felicetti, A. and Murano, F. 2021b. Semantic modeling of textual entities: The CRMtex model and the ontological description of ancient texts. Umanistica Digitale, 11, 163\u2013175. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2532-8816/13674.", "Kandel, A.W., Kanaeva, Z. and Haidle, M.N. forthcoming. The Aggregation of ROAD Data in the ARIADNE Pipeline: Pitfalls and Successes. Internet Archaeology", "Katsianis, M., Nenova, D., Bruseker, G., Derudas, P., Felicetti, A., Hiebel, G., Hivert, F., Martlet, O., Opitz, R., Richards, J., Roulet, T., Styliaras, G., Smith Ore, C-E. and Uleberg, E. 2022. Archaeological Excavation Modelling Working Group: WP 4.4.12 excavation data, ARIADNE Project. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7377910.", "Katsianis, M., Styliaras, G., Bruseker, G., Derudas, P., Hiebel, G., Hivert, F., Kritsotakis, V., Martlet, O., Nenova, D., Nurra F., Smith Ore, C-E. and Theodoridou, M. 2022. Virtual Workshop on Semantic mapping of archaeological excavation data, ARIADNE Project. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7112918.", "Kritsotaki, A., Fafalios, P. and Doerr, M. 2022. SeaLiT Ontology - An extension of CIDOC-CRM for the modelling of Maritime History information https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6797750.", "Nov\u00e1k, D. and Hasil J. 2022. An analysis of spatial data and how it can be integrated into the AOCAT\". ARIADNEplus Project. https://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/wpcontent/ uploads/2021/12/T4_4_10_Final_Report_public_v1.pdf.", "Opitz, R., \u0160tular, B., Felicetti, A. and Nov\u00e1k, D. 2022. Recommendations and Application Profile Proposal for archaeological remote and near-surface sensing data in ARIADNEplus. ARIADNEplus Project. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6373050.", "Psonis, N., Tabakaki, E., and Vassou, D. 2022. Ancient DNA glossary (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7433124", "Ronzino, P., Toth, A., and Falcidieno, B. 2022. Documenting the Structure and Adaptive Reuse of Roman Amphitheatres through the CIDOC CRMba Model. ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 15(2): 36:1-36:23. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3485466."]}

This deliverable describes the activities carried out during the four years of the ARIADNEplus project on the implementation of the ARIADNEplus Ontology within Task 4.4 of Work Package 4 (WP4). Other Tasks of WP4, including the operation of the help desk, the procedure for mapping datasets to the data model and supporting the 3M mapping tool, and the integration of digital libraries were reported in Deliverable D4.3. Related work has taken place under WP2 (Extending and Supporting the ARIADNE community), WP5 (Extending the ARIADNEplus data infrastructure), WP12 (data integration and interoperability), and WP14 (The ARIADNEplus knowledge management system), and these provide the focus of other deliverables (D2.5, D5.4, D12.5, and D14.2). The overall objective of WP4 was to Integrate the datasets of the Archaeological Research Communities, and Task 4.4 was focussed on Implementing the ARIADNE ontology - the AO-Cat - and the ontology extensions, known as application profiles, to specific sub-domains of archaeology and archaeological science. The work was organised in subtasks by domain. In this report we finalise the presentation of the AO-Cat in Section 3. The outcome of progress on each of the fourteen potential application profiles is reported in Section 4. In Deliverable D4.2 we presented three case studies in detail (for Heritage Science, Bio-Archaeology and Ancient DNA, and Inscriptions). In Section 5 of this deliverable we present one further case study for Fieldwork activities, an extensive investigation of how the ARIADNE Ontology can be used to model particularly complex and articulated scenarios of archaeological investigations and activities. The results achieved by Task 4.4 (in collaboration with WP14) have gone far beyond the expectations framed at the beginning of the project. Indeed, the development process of the application profiles and their systematisation as part of the general ARIADNE ontological framework have not only allowed the efficient and complete representation of the entire ARIADNE information ecosystem, but have also greatly contributed to the advancement of research in the field of the development of ontologies and conceptual models for cultural heritage. Of particular note was the development of the AO-Cat, a completely new standard that allowed us to construct the ARIADNE Catalogue in an effective and straightforward way, and to achieve an outstanding level of integration of over three million archaeological resources encompassing all sub-domains. The AO-Cat has proved to be perfectly adequate and sufficient for modelling data on palaeo-anthropology (subtask 4.4.1), maritime and underwater archaeology (subtask 4.4.11) and for most of the information in the domains of environmental archaeology (subtask 4.4.3) and public archaeological finds (subtask 4.4.7), in which the extensive use of controlled vocabularies to assign specific concepts to each of the defined instances has also allowed to reach a particularly extensive level of integration. The fact that a slightly modified version of the AO-Cat is now proving itself fit for purpose for data aggregation of maritime heritage data drawn from all of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland demonstrates its applicability to projects beyond ARIADNE. The AO-Cat has also proved to be efficient in combination with the extensions of the CIDOC CRM ecosystem used for field survey information (subtask 4.4.6 in combination with CRMarchaeo), standing structures (subtask 4.4.9, in interaction with CRMba) and inscriptions (subtask 4.4.13 together with CRMtex). In some cases it was sufficient to combine AO-Cat with a specialised service, such as that of spatio-temporal ARIADNEplus D4.4 (Public) 6 data (subtask 4.4.10) set up for interoperability of geographical information, to achieve optimal integration without any need to define additional dedicated conceptual tools. Among the new models, in addition to the AO-Cat, the development of the application profile for scientific data (CRMhs, for subtasks 4.4.4 and 4.4.5) and for bio-archaeology and ancient DNA (subtask 4.4.2) was also of considerable interest. These are two entirely new models, harmonised with each other, and devoted to the study of the specific problems of heritage science. The classes and properties introduced by these models have also proved to be of great use in other subdomains. In fact, one of the most interesting strategies adopted in the development phase was the reuse of models previously defined in ARIADNEplus, (CRMhs and aDNA in particular) for the definition of subsequent application profiles, such as those for remote sensing (subtask 4.4.8) and burials (4.4.14). In this case, the conceptual foundations and the logic with which the reused entities had previously been defined in the original ontologies have also been taken up and adapted to the rationales of the new models. A very sophisticated case was that of fieldwork activity (task 4.4.12), where the complexity of the domain and of the multiple events and activities that it involves required the deployment of most of the ARIADNE Ontology models alongside CRMarchaeo for the development of the application profile. The definition of such an assorted and well-orchestrated set of ontological models is an extraordinary achievement for a project like ARIADNEplus which has put integration and interoperability at the heart of its research programme. Beyond their immediate usefulness for the construction of the ARIADNE semantic data space, the importance of this development work lies in the ability to conceptually model the infinite facets of a complex domain such as that of archaeology. The application profiles are innovative tools, ready to be used in external contexts, as an effective standard for the information of other research domains. The ARIADNE Ontology is squarely placed in the family of CIDOC CRM ontologies, which it enriches and with which it forms a synergistic system for modelling any type of information produced by the domains of Cultural Heritage and Heritage Science.

Archaeological data repositories usually integrate excavation data archives as single data collections with restricted capacities to accommodate excavation data interoperability at the sub-collection level. This is largely due to the complexity of excavation data archives that are compiled with different tools and methodologies, use distinct conceptual descriptions at variable granularities, can often be unfinished or open-ended and may be linked to all sorts of digital data types, each with its own complicated production workflow. In the past decades, several attempts to adapt CIDOC-CRM in order to provide more explicit descriptions of the excavation domain have resulted in several model extensions (e.g. CRMarchaeo, CRMsc, CRMba). Each focuses on corresponding aspects of the excavation research process, while their combined usage holds an already demonstrated potential to support expressive data mappings at the sub-collection level. As part of the ongoing ARIADNEplus project, several CIDOC-CRM developers and domain experts have been working as a group and engaging in conceptual mapping exercises to address the practicalities of bringing excavation data descriptions together. In this presentation we will consider several issues that may be affecting the applicability of existing solutions and link these to our overall expectations/aspirations in terms of excavation data discoverability and reusability.

Within the Research Center HiMAT (History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and Adjacent Areas) different projects were conducted aiming to investigate mining activities in Tyrol and Salzburg from Prehistory to Middle Ages. Within them not only existing research data, freely available information or material from previous publications were reused, but the research data of the projects in return flowed e.g. into the ongoing project “Information Integration for Prehistoric Mining Archaeology”. One goal of this project is to investigate more closely the regions Brixental (Tyrol) and Mitterpinzgau (Salzburg), located between the well-studied mining areas of Unterinntal and Mitterberg. One method used for this purpose are GIS-analyses, with which potential regions for unknown sites are determined based on known sites. This analysis included processed research data from previous projects, as well as various freely available geodata, such as availability of water or geographic features extracted from surface models, e.g slope or exposure. The data from previous research projects come e.g. from “Open Research Data for Mining Archaeology”, which objective was to process the generated research data from surveys and excavations conducted in the project “Prehistoric copper production in the Eastern and Central Alps” as FAIR [https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/] data and integrate them into the ARIADNEplus-portal [https://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/portal/]. Other projects like “Text Mining Medieval Mining Texts” aimed to transcribe medieval manuscripts, annotate them and extract and model their information. The historical sites were localized by reusing old map data [e.g. https://hik.tirol.gv.at/], gazetteers from previous projects [http://onomastik.at/content/flurnamendokumentation-im-bundesland-tirol] or published works [like Pirkl (1961): Geologie des Trias-Streifens und des Schwazer Dolomits südlich des Inn zwischen Schwaz und Wörgl (Tirol), in: Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 104.]. \All data were interoperably processed using the event-based CIDOC CRM [https://www.cidoc-crm.org/Version/ version-7.2] and uploaded to the LOD-cloud. Through interfaces like the Sparqling-Unicorn-plugin for QGIS [https:// github.com/sparqlunicorn/sparqlunicornGoesGIS], this data can be specifically queried for the analyses.

Archaeological data repositories usually integrate excavation data archives as single data collections with restricted capacities to accommodate excavation data interoperability at the sub-collection level. This is largely due to the complexity of excavation data archives that are compiled with different tools and methodologies, use distinct conceptual descriptions at variable granularities, can often be unfinished or open-ended and may be linked to all sorts of digital data types, each with its own complicated production workflow. In the past decades, several attempts to adapt CIDOC-CRM in order to provide more explicit descriptions of the excavation domain have resulted in several model extensions (e.g. CRMarchaeo, CRMsc, CRMba). Each focuses on corresponding aspects of the excavation research process, while their combined usage holds an already demonstrated potential to support expressive data mappings at the sub-collection level. As part of the ongoing ARIADNEplus project, several CIDOC-CRM developers and domain experts have been working as a group and engaging in conceptual mapping exercises to address the practicalities of bringing excavation data descriptions together. In this presentation we will consider several issues that may be affecting the applicability of existing solutions and link these to our overall expectations/aspirations in terms of excavation data discoverability and reusability.

Within the Research Center HiMAT (History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and Adjacent Areas) different projects were conducted aiming to investigate mining activities in Tyrol and Salzburg from Prehistory to Middle Ages. Within them not only existing research data, freely available information or material from previous publications were reused, but the research data of the projects in return flowed e.g. into the ongoing project “Information Integration for Prehistoric Mining Archaeology”. One goal of this project is to investigate more closely the regions Brixental (Tyrol) and Mitterpinzgau (Salzburg), located between the well-studied mining areas of Unterinntal and Mitterberg. One method used for this purpose are GIS-analyses, with which potential regions for unknown sites are determined based on known sites. This analysis included processed research data from previous projects, as well as various freely available geodata, such as availability of water or geographic features extracted from surface models, e.g slope or exposure. The data from previous research projects come e.g. from “Open Research Data for Mining Archaeology”, which objective was to process the generated research data from surveys and excavations conducted in the project “Prehistoric copper production in the Eastern and Central Alps” as FAIR [https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/] data and integrate them into the ARIADNEplus-portal [https://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/portal/]. Other projects like “Text Mining Medieval Mining Texts” aimed to transcribe medieval manuscripts, annotate them and extract and model their information. The historical sites were localized by reusing old map data [e.g. https://hik.tirol.gv.at/], gazetteers from previous projects [http://onomastik.at/content/flurnamendokumentation-im-bundesland-tirol] or published works [like Pirkl (1961): Geologie des Trias-Streifens und des Schwazer Dolomits südlich des Inn zwischen Schwaz und Wörgl (Tirol), in: Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 104.]. \All data were interoperably processed using the event-based CIDOC CRM [https://www.cidoc-crm.org/Version/ version-7.2] and uploaded to the LOD-cloud. Through interfaces like the Sparqling-Unicorn-plugin for QGIS [https:// github.com/sparqlunicorn/sparqlunicornGoesGIS], this data can be specifically queried for the analyses.

{"references": ["Bekiari, C., Bruseker, G., Doerr, M., Ore, C.-E., Stead, S. & Velios, A. June 2022. Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. Version 7.1.2. CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group. https://cidoc-crm.org/sites/default/files/cidoc_crm_version_7.1.2.pdf.", "Doerr, M. & Theodoridou, M. 2014. CRMdig. An extension of CIDOC-CRM to support provenance metadata. Version 3.2. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crmdig/sites/default/files/CRMdig3.2.pdf.", "Doerr, M. et al. 2019. Definition of the CRMarchaeo. An extension of CIDOC-CRM to support the archaeological excavation process. Version 1.4.8. PIN, University of Florence, Italy. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crmarchaeo/sites/default/files/CRMarchaeo_v1.4.8.pdf.", "Doerr, M. et al. 2020. Definition of the CRMsci. An Extension of CIDOC-CRM to support scientific observation. Version 1.2.8. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crmsci/sites/default/files/CRMsci%20v.1.2.8.pdf.", "Felicetti, A., Meghini, C., Richards, J., Theodoridou, M. 2021. Towards the AO-Cat Ontology. Version: 1.1.", "Hiebel, G., Doerr, M., Eide, \u00d8. Theodoridou, M. et al. 2015 (September). CRMgeo: a Spatiotemporal Model An Extension of CIDOC-CRM to link the CIDOC CRM to GeoSPARQL through a Spatiotemporal Refinement. Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG Version 1.2. https://cidoc-crm.org/crmgeo/sites/default/files/CRMgeo1_2.pdf.", "Katsianis, M., & Styliaras, G. (eds) 2022. Virtual Workshop on Semantic mapping of archaeological excavation data (1.0), with contributions by Bruseker, G., Derudas, P., Hiebel, G., Hivert, F., Katsianis, M., Kritsotakis, V., Marlet, O., Nenova, D., Nurra, F., Styliaras, G., Ore, C. E., Theodoridou, M.. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7112918.", "Nenova, D., Bruseker, G., Derudas, P., Hiebel, G., Hivert, F., Katsianis, M., Marlet, O., Opitz, R., Ore, C.-E., & Uleberg, E., 2022 (September 27). Bringing Excavation Data Together. Are We There Yet and Where is That?. 28th EAA Annual Meeting (EAA 2022), Budapest, Hungary. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7117049.", "Paveprime and collaborators 2018. CRMinf: the Argumentation Model. An extension of CIDOC-CRM to support argumentation. Version 0.10. https://cidoc-crm.org/crminf/sites/default/files/CRMinf%20ver%2010.1.pdf.", "Ronzino, P., Niccolucci, F., Felicetti, A., Doerr, M. et al. 2014 (December). Definition of the CRMba An extension of CIDOC CRM to support buildings archaeology documentation. Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG. Version 1.4. PIN S.c.r.l. https://cidoc-crm.org/crmba/sites/default/files/2016-12-3%23CRMba_v1.4.1_UR.pdf."]} The present report outlines and summarises the activity of the Archaeological Excavation Modelling Working Group, a sub-group that was formed within WP 4.4.12. The group has been active since June 2020. The group was formed to investigate the potential of developing an Application Profile for excavation data, explore the current state of excavation data modelling and propose a roadmap for further activities. During the ARIADNEplus project, group participants have convened eight times, organised a virtual workshop on excavation data modelling and prepared two presentations, one at an ARIADNEplus meeting and another targeting wider audiences (EAA2022). The entire work of the group is summarised in the present report and attached annexes.

Since 2013, the MASA (Mémoire des Archéologues et des Sites Archéologiques) consortium of the TGIR Huma-Num has assisted archaeologists in digitising and making available their excavation archives, as well as disseminating the FAIR principles within the French archaeological community. The goal is to help archaeologists make their data interoperable and open up their datasets on the semantic web, by using the CIDOC CRM ontology as a shared structure layer for their heterogeneous data. OpenArchaeo is a platform which attempts to achieve this goal by describing the data with a generic model using a subset of the CIDOC CRM and some extensions (CRMsci, CRMarchaeo and CRMba), as well as few gazetteers and standard vocabularies (PACTOLS, GeoNames, VIAF, ORCID). With this modelisation, the commonalities of the heterogeneous datasets are described with the same structure and metadata. The generic model describes some archeological main concepts and their relationship with each other, such as archeological site, artefact, documentation, etc.

Markos Katsianis and Giorgos Styliaras (University of Patras) describe previous work in building and implementing a conceptual model for 3D excavation research and discussed some of the challenges in archiving this dataset 10 plus years later, from the semantics point of view. The Paliambela Kolindros archaeological project in Greece, which became the testing ground for the advancement of a 3D documentation workflow between 2000-2010, provides the case-study. Within the ARIADNEplus consortium, the dataset was used to explore item-level integration within its infrastructure. In this respect, the initial excavation data model, which was mapped using CIDOC CRM v. 4.4.3, has been reworked to update its compatibility and explicitness with respect to the current CIDOC CRM family of models and the ARIADNE Data Model, as well as considering FAIR data provisions.

Since 2013, the MASA (Mémoire des Archéologues et des Sites Archéologiques) consortium of the TGIR Huma-Num has assisted archaeologists in digitising and making available their excavation archives, as well as disseminating the FAIR principles within the French archaeological community. The goal is to help archaeologists make their data interoperable and open up their datasets on the semantic web, by using the CIDOC CRM ontology as a shared structure layer for their heterogeneous data. OpenArchaeo is a platform which attempts to achieve this goal by describing the data with a generic model using a subset of the CIDOC CRM and some extensions (CRMsci, CRMarchaeo and CRMba), as well as few gazetteers and standard vocabularies (PACTOLS, GeoNames, VIAF, ORCID). With this modelisation, the commonalities of the heterogeneous datasets are described with the same structure and metadata. The generic model describes some archeological main concepts and their relationship with each other, such as archeological site, artefact, documentation, etc.