Over the last three decades, the royal or princely court has become an established feature of the historiographical landscape of early modern Europe. The subject of a forest of monographs and theses, the theme of a plethora of university undergraduate courses, it has ev...

This essay examines how the international Protestant identity of the English Church came to be in tension with the later assertion of sacramentalist or Catholic values within it. It chronicles how the Reformation in England came to align not with Lutheranism but with Re...

Riza Khan led the Cossacks in the coup d'etat of 1921 when it looked as if the country was doomed to brigandage, civil war and probable disintegration. The period between 1921 and 1926 may be described as a transitional period, a period of interregnum and power struggle...

The period of 1800 to 1950 saw dramatic changes in the economy and standards of living in Britain, resulting in the development of social policy and the creation of the welfare state. Child welfare became a central concern and, by the end of this period, a rigorously de...

In Iran, both before and after Islam, the ruler was thought to be God’s vicegerent on earth and, unlike Europe, his legitimacy was not dependent on the law of primogeniture. Thus he was not bound by any written or unwritten law or tradition and could take decisions up t...

This article considers the conclusions that we can draw about the imperial governors of Dyrrakhion in the reign of the Emperor Alexios I Kommenos. It looks at why Dyrrakhion became increasingly important in the course of the 11th century and, above all, after Alexios' u...