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Elaborated. The study of the orientalism is very complex (easterm affairs, particularly Islam)which is brought about by the motifs such as religious, scientific, economical, andpolitical matters.The terms orientalists and orientalism appeared in Andalusia (Spain) in the seventhcentury (Hijriah/ Islamic calender) or fourteenth century (AD) . They gnawed Islam byimmersing the moslems into the misieading school of thoughts primarily the younggeneration by turning them away from their religion with the teachings ofmaterialism, and secularism.The orientalism development phases are : (1) the missionary and anti Islamstarted in the sixteenth century (AD) . (2) the studies and distribes were in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, (3) studies and colonialisms were in the nineteenth century andthe first quarter of the tweentieth century (AD). (4) the study and politics were in thesecond half of the nineteenth century (AD). The main objective of the orientalisms is todisclose and reveal the symbolic significances of the profound Islamic Culturalexpressions, in which the Arabic language represents the primary medium.

This study aims to: (1) To determine the household income and expenditure of the families that involve in sand excavation business in the Kalukubula Village, District of Biromaru, Sigi Regency; and (2) To determine the level of family welfare that involve in sand excavation sector in the Kalukubula Villagewith based on the criteria of Cental Beareu Statistics (BPS), The National Population and Family Planning (BKKBN), and the World Bank. This research is categorised as a descriptive study with a survey approach. There were 58 families selected in this study by proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using analysis of income and family welfare level analysis. The results show that the level of the average monthly income of households as follow, Rp.4.083.824 for machine owner, Rp.2.794.118 for operator, the shovel workers and truck owners haveaverage monthly income with Rp.3.372.407 and Rp.2.400.000 respectively. Meanwhile,this study found that the average monthly expenditureas as follow, Rp.2.470.882 for machine owner, Rp.1.886.765 for operator, shovel workers and truck owners have Rp.2.263.333 and Rp.1.424.952 respectively. Furthermore, the average proportion of expenditure for food is greater than the non-food. There are several criteria of family welfare based onBPS criteria measured by the property line indicator, for example, 1 people (5.88%) of households operators and 3 people(14.29%) of domestic shovel workers. They are categorised as non proper families while others are categorised as prosper family. In addition, according to the BKKN criteria,this research found that there are 4 people (9.52%) as categorised as a prosperous family in the Phase of I, 49 people (79.31%) are notify as the prosperous family in the phase of II and as many as 6 people (29.41%) are categorised as the prosperous family in phase of III, while there are no families are living in the underprivileged criteria and families welfare in the Phase of III plus. According to the criteria of the World Bank, the results depict that there are several respondents have family income with less than $2 US dollars per day, such as, there are 5 people (29.41%) for the owner of the machine, 13 people (76.47%) for operators, 13 people (61.90%) forshovel workers and 1 people (33.33%) for trucks owners.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menginventarisasi tinggalan budaya di Situs Parumasan Ciamis yang berhubungan dengan aspek kearifan lokal pada masyarakat tradisional yang tinggal di sekitar situs. Fokus kajian ditujukan pada tinggalan budaya materi dan non materi dalam konsepsi budaya masa lalu, termasuk pengelolaan lahan yang disakralkan dan yang lebih bersifat profan bagi masyarakat sekitar, yang diterapkan dalam kehidupan mereka sehari-hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian budaya, dengan pendekatan arkeologis secara deskriptif dan penalaran induktif. Cara pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei atau pengamatan langsung terhadap Situs Parumasan. Untuk memahami lebih jauh pandangan masyarakat terhadap keberadaan Situs Parumasan, dilakukan pula wawancara dengan Juru Kunci Parumasan dan masyarakat setempat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kearifan lokal berdasarkan tinggalan arkeologis, makna ritual keagamaan, dan upacara adat di antaranya terjaganya kelestarian alam dan keberlangsungan hidup yang nyaman dan aman.

This research focuses on Hasan Hanafi's thought study of "Epistemological Reconstruction of the Science of Jurisprudence Based on Historical Sciences". From the results of the study found several findings; 1). Hasan Hanafi is a figure who is very concerned about efforts to revive the spirit and spirit (revitalization) of Ushul Fiqh Science by using a historical approach. According to him the dimensions of history and humanity are important factors in order to approach the conceptions and methodology of the Ummah of Fiqh. Actually the historical and human dimensions are found in the standard methodology of the Ummah Fiqh, but this historical dimension has long been "extinct" and detached from the Ushul Fiqh when the development process of Science took place and manifested itself in the process of developing this knowledge. So that in fact according to Hasan Hanafi, the historical dimension is essentially manifested in all elements of Usul Fiqh, namely in ill adillah syar'iyah, thuruq al istinbat and al ahkam al syar'iiyah. This historical dimension is represented by Hasan Hanafi with both keywords, namely "history" and "human"; 2). Hasan Hanafi is a person who cares about the existence of the Science of Ushul Fiqh, in order that he says the importance of efforts to revitalize the Ushul Fiqh methodology. Revitalization in Hasan Hanafi's thinking is an attempt to renew and adjust the methodology of the Ummah of Fiqh based on the conditions of social settings and the realities of humanity and the developing sciences, but this effort starts from tradition and the treasure of the Ushul Fiqh methodology built by earlier scholars. With such efforts, it is hoped that the renewal of the methodology of the Uthul Fiqh on the one hand can solve contemporary legal problems that are increasingly complicated, but on the other hand are not uprooted from the roots and genealogy of the Ushul Fiqh methodology; 3). The thought of the Ushul Fiqh Hasan Hanafi is very relevant to the efforts to reactualize Islamic law. This is because there is a deep "awkwardness" in the thought of Usul Fiqh so that in the actual reality the Science of Usul Fiqh has been frozen. The significance of the thought of Ushul Fiqh Hasan Hanafi lies in the effort to revive the vital spirit and spirit of this Science by using a historical approach. That is, that the human and historical dimensions are one thing that must be involved in the legal process; 4). The historical thinking of the Ustadh Fiqh Hasan Hanafi which is covered in the human dimension and history actually has roots in Hasan Hanafi's thoughts and projects about al Turas wa al Tajdid (Tradition and Renewal). Because of the loss of the human dimension and history in the tradition and the treasures of Muslim thought are the main problems which are the cause of the lack of progressivity in the traditions and actions of Muslims.

Utilization of communication and computer technology has spread into various fields. Begin from the world of entertainment, education, business, health, life-style, and also the tourist field. Nowadays, still lack of the information related to the city of Surabaya as historical information, information about tourist sites, and others. This research conduct to develop an application to explore the history of the city of Surabaya as historic sites, tourist sites, museums, and the event agenda in town. With this application, the user is expected to be able to learn about the history of the city of Surabaya in the interesting form by combining text, picture, sound, and Google map facilities, as well as well as the promotion of tourism and events agenda are hosted in the city of Surabaya. Surabaya Heritage Applications created on a web-based application that is intended for public to know better about the history, tourism objects, as well as the event agenda in the city of Surabaya. Based from the testing results, the application was able to perform functions such as pre-planned. Meanwhile, testing by sampling questionnaires to the user produce that the application is attracting interest from users by 85%. It can be concluded that the applications made quite meet the target research.

Kajian ini mengungkap dan menjelaskan perlawanan Kerajaan Sawitto terhadap pemerintah Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1905-1906. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah, yang menjelaskan suatu persoalan berdasarkan perspektif sejarah. Prosedurnya terdiri atas heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi dalam bentuk kisah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perlawanan Kerajaan Sawitto terhadap pemerintah Hindia Belanda, bukan hanya dilatari oleh kepentingan ekonomi yang berkaitan kebijakan pelabuhan wajib pajak, melainkan juga kepentingan politik yang berkaitan dengan campur tangan pemerintah Belanda terhadap urusan dalam negeri Kerajaan Sawitto, bahkan ingin menguasai Sawitto secara langsung. Hal tersebut ditandai dengan diajukannya suatu tuntutan terhadap Kerajaan Sawitto agar tunduk, taat, dan patuh sepenuhnya kepada pemerintah Belanda dengan menandatangani pernyataan pendek (korte verklaring). Karena menolak tuntutan itu, pemerintah Belanda memutuskan untuk melancarkan serangan militer terhadap Kerajaan Sawitto, namun serangan tersebut mendapat perlawanan dari laskar Sawitto di bawah pimpinan La Sinrang. Pada akhirnya, pasukan Belanda berhasil mengalahkan laskar Sawitto.

India has the second-largest tribal population after Africa. Most of them are greatly dependent on forests and their produce for their livelihood. Indian Forest Act of 1865 was the first attempt of colonial govt. to assert a monopoly right over forest resources. By the act of 1878, the customary rights of the villagers were denied. In the post-colonial period, the national forest policy of 1952 also asserted the monopoly of the state over the forest in the new brand ‘national interest'. There is a sharp rise in the production of industrial and fuelwood. The blind acceptance of the colonial policy of practice of monoculture and denial of customary rights to the forest dwellers destroys the ecological balance, and make them ecological refugee. There is a shift of policy towards commercial interest and export-oriented forest management. But this strategy shift is invariably against the interest of the tribal community who inhabit forest areas. There is growing use of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) for different purposes but the profits are reaped by processing industries while collectors of MFP would get wages at subsistence level. The loss of control over resources often compels the tribe to use the forest in an unsustainable Fashion leading to an alienation of man and forest. This paper spotlights how do the exogenous changes in different forested areas badly hamper allocation of food, fuel, fodder, medicine and even ritual rights of the tribal community and their relation with the forest.

Madrasah term in Indonesia nowadays known as religious education institute. Some people sometimes mistaken when understanding the meaning of madrasah because didn't understand about chronological development of madrasah itself. Therefore, emerge dichotomy between madrasah (religious education) with secular education. Some people presume that learning at madrasah only to master other-world (akhirat) science, whereas learning at secular education mean to master worldly matter. This dichotomy if let prolonged will trigger conflict. Actually there's long history that make madrasah still exist until now as education institution. From this argument, this article will describe history of madrasah in Indonesia and its development.

Edisi desember dari majalah Internasional National Geographic (2017) mengangkat suatu topic yang telah menantang ribuan bahkan jutaan pemikir, teolog, dan ahli sejarah, yakni kontroversi seputar siapakah Yesus dari Nazaret. Sebagai sebuah majalah semi-ilmiah dengan tiras yang cukup besar, tentu kita mesti mengangkat jempol atas keberanian majalah tersebut untuk mengangkat topik yang bagi sebagian orang disebut ‘politically incorrect.”

The article schematically presents four types of codes associated with four forms of intelligence of the living (genomic, sensorimotor, symbolic and digital). It is particularly interested in the feedback effects of each higher level on previous levels and the sustained trend towards externalization. The human species is now reshaping these various forms of intelligence. The boundaries between natural, cultural and technical are in the process of blurring. A trans-epistemic society is emerging, which expressly includes the full depth of its relations with the biosphere.