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By sorting and comparing 18 verb forms in Khitan Small Script and 7 verb forms in Khitan Large Script that denote ‘to marry, to be given as wife’, the current study deals with the relation between the Khitan Large Script and Khitan Small Script forms. Further, it analyzes problems connected with their orthography, morphological and grammatical structure, with the grammatical cases governed by the verb and considers possible etymologies of the verbal stem.

This book has dealt with one major substantive issue – population and development. The history is one of population numbers declining, but nevertheless surviving to reach stationarity at the very last moment – that part of the story of the Seeds of Rangiatea had a happy, although cliff-hanger, ending. But the plot for Maori development was less positive. Maori commerce was robust for about 40 years, as it grew after contact (1769), peaked in the 1840s and 1850s, then declined. But from 1840 the fundamental base of Maori wealth, the land, was transferred almost in its entirety – at least the more productive areas – to Pakeha settlers. This left Maori in 1900 as a dismembered remnant population with little wealth, and even less that was viable commercially. Population and development are just two among a number of ‘tangible’ dimensions nested into what has emerged as this book’s substantive meta-issue, ‘colonization’. Other meta-issues, typically more theoretical and methodological than substantive, have emerged here, notably the explanatory power of transition frameworks that are used in demography and economics. But there are yet other questions, more in the nature of ‘intangibles’, that were not addressed here, even though they may be fundamental to an understanding of ‘colonization’ and social change in general. Mana Maori is probably the most significant of these powerful ‘intangibles’, but an in-depth exploration of this theme awaits someone with expertise in ontology and related fields and Maori language skills.

Abstract Lake sediments are widely applied to investigate palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Radiocarbon dating of various materials is one of the most commonly used methods to constrain the timing of lake sediment deposition, but it is problematic for most lakes on the TP due to carbon reservoir effects. Because palaeomagnetic secular variations (PSV) share similar patterns at the regional scale, PSV-stratigraphic correlation can provide an alternative approach to date lake sediments. Here, we present a PSV-depth model for a sediment core taken from Guozha Co, a glacial meltwater-fed lake on the northwestern TP. To establish reliable chronological constraints on the sediment core, we compared our PSV-depth model with the PSV stack of East Asia, PSV records of Tangra Yumco and Lake Baikal. The establishment of this new chronology at Guozha Co is a major step toward dating lake records more widely in the TP to reveal palaeoclimatic changes at the world's ‘Third Pole’.

Instructional grammar is often used in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and the grammatical error detection is an important feature. However, it is not an easy task in Japanese language. There is no delimiter separating consecutive words in Japanese sentences. Word segmentation is a process in which proper word boundaries are identified. Before syntactic parsing of a Japanese sentence, word segmentation has to be performed. Traditionally, the word segmentation is often followed by the syntactic parsing. An algorithm in which the Japanese word segmentation and syntactic parsing are combined into one process can increase the overall efficiency.

Abstract Failure height of overlying rock mass in extra-thick coal seam conditions by fully mechanized caving mining affects the groundwater occurrence condition, which in turn, affects mine safety. Aiming at extra-thick coal seam conditions, this paper numerically stimulates the dynamic process of actual excavation. Results show that failure height increases with excavation volume, thereby increasing the location of abscission layer dropping along with increasing failure height. An abscission layer is formed along the depth, changing the condition of groundwater occurrence and exposing a hidden safety hazard in the field of continuous mining. The simulation results are in line with the fact by verification with drilling survey data.

Heritage is a way to remember the past, be it tangible or intangible. The vale of heritage is often recognized. Although themes such as cultural, touristic, creativity and innovation driven development, accessibility to services and quality of life are horizontally present throughout the examined smart city strategies, cultural heritage promotion as an objective is not particularly pronounced in any of them. This paper reviews Chinese planning practices on heritage sites in the last decades, and the latest perspective on its protection tendency by using new technologies to protect cultural heritage. A main focus of the paper is an assessment on how smart approach could be a solution for preserving cultural heritage in morden society.

Abstract Rumor spreading has a profound influence on daily lives. There are several factors influencing rumor spreading. In this paper, we assume that there are two kinds of individuals in the crowd: those who do not know the rumors and those who learn about the rumors. And in the latter category, there are two attitudes toward rumors: those who are convinced of rumors and those who hold an objective attitude. Those convinced and objective individuals form a public opinion environmental factor conducive to the spread of rumors. Based on the public opinion environmental influence whose intensity decays with time, a model with two attitudes toward rumors is established. With numerical simulations, we illustrated the conversion state of three categories because of public opinion environmental factors, analyzing the sensitivity of the model. The results showed that it is beneficial to control the rumor propagation when controlling the influence of those who are convinced of rumors and those who hold an objective attitude rather than constraining one of them individually. And it was commonsensical that increasing the attenuation intensity of the two attitude rumors was also an effective way conducive to the control.

Recently, using graph neural networks to model the hidden features of natural language has achieved success. In this paper, a novel sentence modeling method named TextSimGNN based on graphical representation is proposed to measure the semantic textual similarity. For embedding sentences into a graphical structure, we first construct a semantic textual graph which combines textual structure information and semantic information together. Then an end-to-end graph neural network is used to measure the similarity between graph pairs. The experiments show that our method has achieved good performance in semantic textual similarity task, which proves the advantage and effectiveness of graphical representation on natural language sentence modeling.